Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry
Studying marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles in the face of environmental change
  • Home
  • About OCB
    • About Us
    • Get Involved
    • Project Office
    • Code of Conduct
    • Scientific Steering Committee
    • OCB committees
      • Ocean Time-series
      • US Biogeochemical-Argo
      • Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction
    • Scientific Breadth
      • Biological Pump
      • Changing Marine Ecosystems
      • Changing Ocean Chemistry
      • Estuarine and Coastal Carbon Fluxes
      • Ocean Carbon Uptake and Storage
      • Ocean Observatories
  • Activities
    • OCB Webinar Series
    • Summer Workshops
    • Scoping Workshops
      • Ecological Forecasting – North American Coastlines
      • Expansion of BGC-Argo and Profiling Floats
      • Future BioGeoSCAPES program
      • Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions
      • Oceanic Methane & Nitrous Oxide
    • Other Workshops
      • GO-BCG Scoping Workshop
    • Science Planning
      • Coastal CARbon Synthesis (CCARS)
      • North Atlantic-Arctic
    • Ocean Acidification PI Meetings
    • Training Activities
      • PACE Training Activity
  • Small Group Activities
    • Aquatic Continuum OCB-NACP Focus Group
    • Arctic-COLORS Data Synthesis
    • Carbon Isotopes in the Ocean Workshop
    • CMIP6 WG
      • CMIP6 Models Workshop
    • Coastal BGS Obs with Fisheries
    • C-saw extreme events workshop
    • Filling the gaps air–sea carbon fluxes WG
    • Fish, fisheries and carbon
    • Fish Carbon WG
      • Fish Carbon WG Workshop
      • Fish carbon workshop summary
    • Lateral Carbon Flux in Tidal Wetlands
    • Marine carbon dioxide removal
      • Marine CDR Workshop
    • Metaproteomic Intercomparison
    • Mixotrophs & Mixotrophy WG
    • N-Fixation WG
    • Ocean Carbonate System Intercomparison Forum
    • Ocean Carbon Uptake WG
    • Ocean Nucleic Acids ‘Omics
    • OOI BGC sensor WG
    • Phytoplankton Taxonomy WG
  • Science Support
    • Data management and archival
    • Early Career
    • Funding Sources
    • Jobs & Postdocs
    • Meeting List
    • OCB topical websites
      • Ocean Fertilization
      • Trace gases
      • US IIOE-2
    • Outreach & Education
    • Promoting your science
    • Student Opportunities
    • OCB Activity Proposal Solicitations
    • Travel Support
  • Publications
    • Ocean Carbon Exchange
    • Newsletter Archive
    • Science Planning and Policy
    • OCB Workshop Reports
  • OCB Science Highlights
  • News

Archive for EXPORTS

Updates and Plans for the First EXPORTS Field Campaign

Posted by mmaheigan 
· Thursday, February 1st, 2018 

Contacts: David Siegel (UCSB; EXPORTS Science Lead) & Ivona Cetinić (NASA GSFC/USRA; EXPORTS Project Scientist)

 

EXPORTS in a Nutshell

Ocean ecosystems constitute a significant fraction of the world’s primary production, fixing CO2 and creating oxygen while playing critical roles in sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere. An improved understanding of the cycling and fate of oceanic organic carbon will not only allow for better prediction of how these processes may change in the future, but it will help underpin the societal value of these ocean ecosystem services. The EXport Processes in the Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) field campaign aims to provide answers to these questions.

The goal of EXPORTS is to develop a predictive understanding of the export and fate of global ocean net primary production (NPP) and its implications for the Earth’s carbon cycle in present and future climates (oceanexports.org). To develop this quantitative understanding, EXPORTS will measure and model the export pathways that remove fixed organic carbon from the upper ocean and drive the attenuation of these vertical fluxes within the ocean interior. EXPORTS datasets will be used to develop and test numerical predictive and satellite-data diagnostic models of NPP fates and their carbon cycle impacts. EXPORTS builds on decades of NASA-funded research on developing and validating satellite data-driven models of regional to global NPP and hence, EXPORTS will contribute to NASA’s upcoming Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud and ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission.

 

A Brief History of EXPORTS

The NASA EXPORTS field campaign is the result of an initial open competition in 2012 by the NASA Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry (OBB) Program to identify scoping workshops for future field campaigns. This was followed by many years of committee-based planning, community vetting of science and implementation plans, and final peer review.  The NASA EXPORTS Science and Implementation Plans were made publicly available by the NASA OBB program. In February 2016, the National Science Foundation held the Biology of the Biological Pump (BoBP) workshop aimed in part to leverage NASA’s planned investment in the EXPORTS field program. In August 2016, NASA announced it would support data mining and observational system simulation experiment (OSSE) projects to help with planning the NASA EXPORTS field campaign and five projects were funded under this pre-EXPORTS call.

In early 2017, NASA released a call for proposals for the EXPORTS field program and the competition for inclusion on the NASA EXPORTS Science Team and its leadership. The call also included the implementation approach for the EXPORTS field program, with two major cruises to collect in situ data, followed by a synthesis and analysis phase to be competed in the future. At the same time, NSF released a Dear Colleague Letter (DCL) stating they would consider proposals that leveraged the NASA investment with objectives that supported the BoBP plan. From the NASA competition, 11 projects were selected for support (Table 1). Three NSF proposals have been recommended for support (at the time of this writing, the awarding of these grants is not yet official), bringing the count to a total of 41 PIs and co-PIs that are supported by NASA and NSF on EXPORTS/BoBP. This level of investment likely makes EXPORTS the largest coordinated U.S.-funded biogeochemical field program since the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) nearly 2 decades ago. Table 1 lists the funded projects, PI, and co-PIs, project titles, and links to two page descriptions for each project.

Any implementation of the EXPORTS field program must result in the quantification of the major export pathways that remove fixed organic carbon from the upper ocean and sequester it at depth. NASA is uniquely poised, given the global vantage point of space-based observations, to use Earth observing satellite data to meet this objective, while also understanding observational requirements for future advanced Earth Observing missions.  Quantification of major carbon export pathways requires the simultaneous measurement of 1) sinking particle fluxes (and their composition), 2) the export of organic carbon to depth via vertically migrating zooplankton, and 3) the vertical transport of dissolved and suspended particulate organic carbon to depth, where it is remineralized by different microbial communities. To develop predictive links to satellite ocean color-retrievable parameters, the quantification of export pathways must be augmented by research programs focused on, but not limited to, the elucidation of plankton community structure, rates of NPP and grazing, and optical oceanography. Complicating this further is the stochastic nature of export flux determinations that necessitates a fully four-dimensional sampling design while maintaining a long-term perspective. This reasoning led to the Agency selection of projects listed in Table 1.

The planning of the EXPORTS field campaign is well underway. The first field deployment is planned to take place in the summer of 2018 in the Northeast Pacific, while the tentative second cruise will be in the North Atlantic Ocean in the spring of 2020. NASA has formed a project office staffed of Agency and EXPORTS PIs to direct EXPORTS’ progress. The EXPORTS Science Team, which comprises the funded PIs, is participating on near-weekly teleconferences, and co-chief scientists have been selected. An initial EXPORTS kickoff meeting was held in September 2017 in the Washington, DC area. There, the PIs organized themselves into working groups focused on creating short methodological descriptions for each measurement to be made. This documentation will be critical for the metadata, the project data management, and for ensuring legacy of the program through a set of NASA Technical Memoranda. This has also proven to be an excellent way to foster cross-project collaborations. A second PI meeting is scheduled for mid-February 2018, leveraging the upcoming Ocean Sciences Meeting.

 

EXPORTS First Field Deployment

The first EXPORTS field deployment will be to the Northeast Pacific Ocean in late summer 2018. Two ships, the R/V Roger Revelle and the R/V Sally Ride, will be deployed for 27 days of coordinated sampling around Station P (50°N 145°W), while EXPORTS’ autonomous component will ensure a longer-term presence. The choice of Station P as an anchor point for the field campaign was made based on results from the data mining and OSSE projects and the availability of a long-term data set for this site, as well as the many sampling partnerships afforded by ongoing programs. Canada’s Line P long-term hydrographic/biogeochemistry program has been running since 1949, and they currently conduct three annual transect cruises from British Columbia to Station P. Other useful partnerships include NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory’s (PMEL) air-sea interaction buoy and the NSF’s Ocean Observatories Initiative’s (OOI) global node at Station P.

 

Figure 1: Cartoon depicting many of the individual elements to be deployed during the 2018 EXPORTS sampling program in the North Pacific.

The EXPORTS 2018 field deployment will comprise four basic components (depicted in Figure 1 above). First, several autonomous vehicles will be deployed before the ship observations. An instrumented Lagrangian float will be deployed at depth and used to set the spatial center of the sampling program, while an instrumented Seaglider will be used to provide vertical and some horizontal spatial information around the Lagrangian float’s drift. In addition, and if approved by the OOI Facility Board, instrumented gliders deployed at the Station P OOI global node will be used to supplement the autonomous vehicle data streams.

Second, the R/V Roger Revelle will be the Process Ship, and will follow the Lagrangian float. The Process Ship will focus on rates (NPP, sinking particle fluxes, grazing, net community production, zooplankton respiration and fecal particle production, aggregate formation, etc.) and vertical information (microbial community structure and particle size spectra) in the water mass surrounding the float. Rate measurements will be made using water sampled with a trace metal-clean rosette system, and sinking particle fluxes from neutrally buoyant sediment traps (NBSTs) and sediment trap array. In particular, microbial community structure will be measured using a variety of techniques, including high-throughput microscopic imaging systems, meta-community genomic sequencing, isolation and experimentation on individual marine snow aggregates, and gel trap-collected sinking particles. The Process Ship will also conduct a complete optical oceanographic sampling program ensuring links to remotely sensed parameters. Drs. Deborah Steinberg (VIMS) and Jason Graff (OSU) have volunteered to be co-chief scientists for the R/V Revelle.

Third, the R/V Sally Ride will be the Survey Ship making spatial patterns about the Process Ship on scales from roughly 1 km to nearly 100 km. The focus of the Survey Ship will be collecting horizontal spatial information on particle export (234Th disequilibrium), net community production (O2/Ar), organic carbon stocks, phytoplankton composition, and inherent and apparent optical properties. The Survey Ship will also deploy a suite of instrumentation to characterize the particle size spectrum from 20 nm to nearly a cm. It will also be responsible for validating the calibration of the autonomous vehicles’ bio-optical instrumentation and the development of the biogeochemical proxies. Norm Nelson (UCSB) and Mary Jane Perry (self-affiliated) have agreed to be the co-chief scientists on the R/V Sally Ride.

Last, EXPORTS needs a long-term sampling presence to tie the ship-based observations to climatically relevant time and space scales. The Lagrangian float and Seaglider will sample for ~6 months, bracketing EXPORTS’ intensive ship observations, and thus providing some long-term perspectives to the ship sampling. Partnering programs like Line P and the OOI Global Node will allow for some additional in situ sampling opportunities and broader temporal context. Further, the PMEL mooring and a profiling float project recommended for funding by NSF will extend the long-term biogeochemical observations.

The integration of the observations will generate a data set that will not only be invaluable for building new algorithms for retrievals of new and refined data products from NASA’s current fleet of Earth Observing Satellites, but also will be critical in the development of new sets of requirements for future satellite observations of our Earth system. As described in the EXPORTS Implementation Plan, the likelihood of the EXPORTS achieving its predictive goals will increase as the number and variety of observations available to develop and test novel algorithms increases. Hence, the EXPORTS program is particularly motivated to collaborate with international partners who would be interested to share their data sets to address these important issues.

 

An Amazing Opportunity for Ocean Science

EXPORTS is the first large-scale, coordinated opportunity aimed at understanding the ocean’s biological pump since the JGOFS program. Hence, the EXPORTS team is planning to create a long-term legacy for these one-of-a-kind datasets. NASA is supporting a full-time data manager to make sure that all of the information collected is easily accessible to all; as per NASA policies, all data will be freely available. Efforts are being made to ensure the intercalibration and interoperability of measurements made across different platforms, thus ensuring continuity of the datasets. EXPORTS also plans to over-collect whole water, filtered particulate, and trap-collected samples that can be used for many purposes, both now by collaborators, and in the future as analytical methodologies become more powerful.

The timing for EXPORTS could not be better. Our understanding of the biological pump and in particular, the fate of ocean NPP has rapidly advanced over the past decade. We now know that the biological pump is four-dimensional, which complicates our observational approaches, and that food web and aggregate dynamics, microbial community composition and function, individual organism physiology and behavior, and submesoscale turbulent transport are all components that need to be quantified. Further, our observing tools and capabilities have witnessed giant leaps over just the past couple of years. Novel imaging instruments can now measure particle and aggregate size distributions and identify and quantify plankton abundances. Genomic approaches enable the characterization of plankton communities and their physiology. Novel hyperspectral optical measurements of ocean reflectance as well as component inherent optical properties provide strong links to present and future satellite ocean color missions. High-resolution numerical models now enable the elucidation of submesoscale (100s m to ~10 km) processes that include food webs and biogeochemistry, while autonomous vehicles provide persistent and spatially distributed observations that complement the shipboard sampling. It seems the time for EXPORTS is now.

Click for PDF of article and table

Table 1: EXPORTS Science Team

Lead PI Co-PIs Project Title
Michael Behrenfeld
(OSU) – NASA
Emmanuel Boss (UMaine), Jason Graff (OSU), Lionel Guidi (LOV), Kim Halsey (OSU), & Lee Karp-Boss (UMaine) First Step – Linking Remotely-Detectable Optical Signals, Photic Layer Plankton Properties, and Export Flux  
Ken Buesseler
(WHOI) – NASA
Claudia Benitez-Nelson (USC) & Laure Resplandy (Princeton) Elucidating Spatial and Temporal Variability in the Export and Attenuation of Ocean Primary Production using Thorium-234 
Craig Carlson
(UCSB) – NASA
Dennis Hansell (RSMAS) Evaluating the Controls of Dissolved Organic Matter Accumulation, its Availability to Bacterioplankton, its Subsequent Diagenetic Alteration and Contribution to Export Flux
Meg Estapa
(Skidmore) -NASA
Ken Buesseler
(WHOI), Colleen Durkin (MLML) & Melissa Omand (URI)
Linking Sinking Particle Chemistry and Biology with Changes in the Magnitude and Efficiency of Carbon Export into the Deep Ocean 
Craig Lee
(UW) – NASA
Eric D’Asaro (UW), David Nicholson (WHOI), Melissa Omand (URI), Mary Jane Perry (self-affiliated) & Andrew Thompson (CalTech) Autonomous Investigation of Export Pathways from Hours to Seasons
Adrian Marchetti (UNC) – NASA Nicolas Cassar (Duke) & Scott Gifford (UNC) Quantifying the Carbon Export Potential of the Marine Microbial Community: Coupling of Biogenic Rates and Fluxes with Genomics at the Ocean Surface
Susanne Menden-Deuer
(URI) – NASA
Tatiana Rynearson (URI) Quantifying Plankton Predation Rates, and Effects on Primary Production, Phytoplankton Community Composition, Size Spectra and Potential for Export 
Collin Roesler (Bowdoin) – NASA Heidi Sosik (WHOI) Phytoplankton community structure, carbon stock, carbon export and carbon flux: What role do diatoms play in the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans? 
David Siegel
(UCSB) – NASA
Adrian Burd (UGA), Andrew McDonnell (UAF), Norm Nelson (UCSB) & Uta Passow (UCSB) Synthesizing Optically and Carbon Export-Relevant Particle Size Distributions for the EXPORTS Field Campaign
Deborah Steinberg (VIMS) – NASA Amy Maas (BIOS) Zooplankton-Mediated Export Pathways: Quantifying Fecal Pellet Export and Active Transport by Diel and Ontogenetic Vertical Migration in the North Pacific and Atlantic Oceans 
Xiaodong Zhang (UND) – NASA Deric Gray (NRL), Lionel Guidi (LOV) & Yannick Huot (Sherbrooke) Optically Resolving Size and Composition Distributions of Particles in the Dissolved-Particulate Continuum from 20 nm to 20 mm to Improve the Estimate of Carbon Flux
Bethany Jenkins (URI) – NSF* Mark Brzezinski (UCSB) & Kristen Buck (USF) Collaborative Research: Diatoms, Food Webs and Carbon Export – Leveraging NASA EXPORTS to Test the Role of Diatom Physiology in the Biological Carbon Pump
Ben Van Mooy (WHOI) -NSF* Environmental Lipidomics of Suspended and Sinking Particles in the Upper Ocean
Andrea Fassbender (MBARI) – NSF* Constraining Upper-Ocean Carbon Export with Biogeochemical Profiling Floats

*Project recommended for funding by NSF, but not officially funded as of this publication.

Filter by Keyword

234Th disequilibrium abundance acidification africa air-sea flux air-sea interactions air-sea interface algae alkalinity allometry ammonium AMOC anoxia anoxic Antarctic anthro impacts anthropogenic carbon aquaculture aragonite saturation arctic Argo argon arsenic artificial seawater Atlantic Atlantic modeling atmospheric carbon atmospheric CO2 atmospheric nitrogen deposition authigenic carbonates autonomous platforms bacteria BATS benthic bgc argo bio-go-ship bio-optical bioavailability biogeochemical cycles biogeochemical cycling biogeochemical models biogeochemistry Biological Essential Ocean Variables biological pump biological uptake biophysics bloom blooms blue carbon bottom water boundary layer buffer capacity C14 CaCO3 calcification calcite calcium carbonate carbon-climate feedback carbon-sulfur coupling carbon budget carbon cycle carbon dioxide carbon export carbon sequestration carbon storage Caribbean CCA CCS changi changing marine ecosystems changing marine environments changing ocean chemistry chemical oceanographic data chemical speciation chemoautotroph chesapeake bay chl a chlorophyll circulation climate change climate variability CO2 CO2YS coastal darkening coastal ocean cobalt Coccolithophores community composition conservation cooling effect copepod coral reefs CTD currents cyclone data data access data management data product Data standards DCM dead zone decadal trends decomposers decomposition deep convection deep ocean deep sea coral deoxygenation depth diagenesis diatoms DIC diel migration diffusion dimethylsulfide dinoflagellate discrete measurements dissolved inorganic carbon dissolved organic carbon DOC DOM domoic acid dust DVM earth system models ecology ecosystems ecosystem state eddy Education Ekman transport emissions ENSO enzyme equatorial regions error ESM estuarine and coastal carbon estuarine and coastal carbon fluxes estuary euphotic zone eutrophication evolution export export fluxes export production EXPORTS extreme events extreme weather events faecal pellets filter feeders filtration rates fire fish Fish carbon fisheries floats fluid dynamics fluorescence food webs forage fish forams freshening freshwater frontal zone fronts functional role future oceans geochemistry geoengineering geologic time GEOTRACES glaciers gliders global carbon budget global ocean global warming go-ship grazing greenhouse gas Greenland groundwater Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf Stream gyre harmful algal bloom high latitude human food human impact hurricane hydrogen hydrothermal hypoxia ice age ice cores ice cover industrial onset inverse circulation ions iron iron fertilization isotopes jellies katabatic winds kelvin waves krill kuroshio laboratory vs field land-ocean continuum larvaceans lateral transport LGM lidar ligands light light attenuation lipids mangroves marine carbon cycle marine heatwave marine particles marine snowfall marshes Mediterranean meltwater mesopelagic mesoscale metagenome metals methane methods microbes microlayer microorganisms microscale microzooplankton midwater mixed layer mixed layers mixing mixotrophy modeling models mode water molecular diffusion MPT multi-decade n2o NAAMES NASA NCP net community production net primary productivity new ocean state new technology Niskin bottle nitrate nitrogen nitrogen fixation nitrous oxide north atlantic north pacific nuclear war nutricline nutrient budget nutrient cycling nutrient limitation nutrients OA ocean-atmosphere ocean acidification ocean acidification data ocean carbon uptake and storage ocean color ocean observatories ocean warming ODZ oligotrophic omics OMZ open ocean optics organic particles oscillation overturning circulation oxygen pacific paleoceanography particle flux pCO2 PDO peat pelagic PETM pH phenology phosphorus photosynthesis physical processes physiology phytoplankton PIC plankton POC polar regions pollutants precipitation predation prediction primary production primary productivity Prochlorococcus proteins pteropods pycnocline radioisotopes remineralization remote sensing repeat hydrography residence time resource management respiration resuspension rivers rocky shore Rossby waves Ross Sea ROV salinity salt marsh satell satellite scale seafloor seagrass sea ice sea level rise seasonal patterns seasonal trends sea spray seaweed sediments sensors shelf system shells ship-based observations shorelines silicate silicon cycle sinking particles size SOCCOM soil carbon southern ocean south pacific spatial covariations speciation SST stoichiometry subduction submesoscale subpolar subtropical sulfate surf surface surface ocean Synechococcus teleconnections temperate temperature temporal covariations thermocline thermodynamics thermohaline thorium tidal time-series time of emergence top predators total alkalinity trace elements trace metals trait-based transfer efficiency transient features Tris trophic transfer tropical turbulence twilight zone upper ocean upper water column upwelling US CLIVAR validation velocity gradient ventilation vertical flux vertical migration vertical transport volcano warming water clarity water quality waves western boundary currents wetlands winter mixing world ocean compilation zooplankton

Copyright © 2023 - OCB Project Office, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd, MS #25, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA Phone: 508-289-2838  •  Fax: 508-457-2193  •  Email: ocb_news@us-ocb.org

link to nsflink to noaalink to WHOI

Funding for the Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry Project Office is provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The OCB Project Office is housed at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.