Archive for carbon sequestration

How atmospheric and oceanographic forcing impact the carbon sequestration in an ultra-oligotrophic marine system

Posted by mmaheigan 
· Wednesday, August 11th, 2021 

Sinking particles are a critical conduit for the export of material from the surface to the deep ocean. Despite their importance in oceanic carbon cycling, little is known about the composition and seasonal variability of sinking particles which reach abyssal depths. Oligotrophic waters cover ~75% of the ocean surface and contribute over 30% of the global marine carbon fixation. Understanding the processes that control carbon export to the deep oligotrophic areas is crucial to better characterize the strength and efficiency of the biological pump as well as to project the response of these systems to climate fluctuations and anthropogenic perturbations.

In a recent study published in Frontiers in Earth Science, authors synthesized data from atmospheric and oceanographic parameters, together with main mass components, and stable isotope and source-specific lipid biomarker composition of sinking particles collected in the deep Eastern Mediterranean Sea (4285m, Ierapetra Basin) for a three-year period (June 2010-June 2013). In addition, this study compared the sinking particulate flux data with previously reported deep-sea surface sediments from the study area to shed light on the benthic–pelagic coupling.

Figure Caption: a) Biplot of net primary productivity vs export efficiency (top and bottom horizontal dashed lines indicate threshold for high and low export efficiency regimes). b) Biplot of POC-normalized concentrations of terrestrial vs. phytoplankton-derived lipid biomarkers of the sinking particles collected in the deep Eastern Mediterranean Sea (Ierapetra Basin, NW Levantine Basin) from June 2010–June 2013, and surface sediments collected from January 2007 to June 2012 in the study area.

Both seasonal and episodic pulses are crucial for POC export to the deep Eastern Mediterranean Sea. POC fluxes peaked in spring April–May 2012 (12.2 mg m−2 d−1) related with extreme atmospheric forcing. Overall, summer particle export fuels more efficient carbon sequestration than the other seasons. The results of this study highlight that the combination of extreme weather events and aerosol deposition can trigger an influx of both marine labile carbon and anthropogenic compounds to the deep. Finally, the comparison of the sinking particles flux data with surface sediments revealed an isotopic discrimination, as well as a preferential degradation of labile organic matter during deposition and burial, along with higher preservation of land-derived POC in the underlying sediments. This study provides key knowledge to better understand the export, fate and preservation vs. degradation of organic carbon, and for modeling the organic carbon burial rates in the Mediterranean Sea.

 

Authors:
Rut Pedrosa-Pamies (The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, US; Research Group in Marine Geosciences, University of Barcelona, Spain)
Constantine Parinos (Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Greece)
Anna Sanchez-Vidal (Group in Marine Geosciences, University of Barcelona, Spain)
Antoni Calafat (Group in Marine Geosciences, University of Barcelona, Spain)
Miquel Canals (Group in Marine Geosciences, University of Barcelona, Spain)
Dimitris Velaoras (Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Greece)
Nikolaos Mihalopoulos (Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, University of Crete; National Observatory of Athens, Greece)
Maria Kanakidou (Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, University of Crete Greece)
Nikolaos Lampadariou (Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Greece)
Alexandra Gogou (Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Greece)

Blue hole in the South China Sea reveals ancient carbon

Posted by mmaheigan 
· Wednesday, July 8th, 2020 

Blue holes are unique depositional environments that are formed within carbonate platforms. Due to an enclosed geomorphology that restricts water exchange, blue hole ecosystems are typically characterized by steep biogeochemical gradients and distinctive microbial communities. For the past three decades, studies have described vertical gradients in physical, chemical, and biological parameters that typify blue hole water columns, but their elemental cycles, particularly carbon, remain poorly understood.

Figure 1. Aerial photo of the Yongle Blue Hole in the South China Sea (Credit: P. Yao et al./JGR Biogeosciences)

In July 2016, the Yongle Blue Hole (YBH) was discovered to be the deepest known blue hole on Earth (~300 m). YBH is located in the Xisha Islands of the South China Sea. The unique features and ease of accessibility make YBH an ideal natural laboratory for studying carbon cycling in marine anoxic systems. In a recent study published in JGR Biogeosciences, the authors reported extremely low concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (e.g., 22 µM) and very high concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) (e.g., 3,090 µM) in YBH deep waters. Radiocarbon dating revealed that the YBH DOC and DIC were unusually old, yielding ages (6,810 and 8270 years BP, respectively) that are much more typical of open ocean deep water. Based on H2S and microbial community composition profiles, the authors concluded that sharp redox gradients and a high abundance of sulfur cycling bacteria were likely responsible for much of the DOC consumption in YBH. The unusually low concentrations and old DOC ages in the relatively shallow YBH suggest short-term cycling of recalcitrant DOC in oceanic waters, which has been recognized as a long-term microbial carbon sink in the global ocean. The stoichiometry of DIC and total alkalinity changes suggested that the accumulation of DIC in the deep layer of the YBH was largely derived from both the dissolution of carbonate and OC decomposition through sulfate reduction. However, the role of carbonate dissolution from the walls of the blue hole in affecting the old ages of carbon in this system remain uncertain, yet there appears to no evidence of subterranean freshwater into the bottom waters of the blue hole. In the face of expanding oxygen minimum zones and anthropogenically-induced coastal hypoxia, blue holes such as YBH can provide an accessible natural laboratory in which to study the microbial and biogeochemical features that typify these low-oxygen systems.

 

Authors:
Peng Yao (Ocean University of China)
Thomas S. Bianchi (University of Florida)
Xuchen Wang (Ocean University of China)
Zuosheng Yang (Ocean University of China)
Zhigang Yu (Ocean University of China)

A role for tropical nitrogen fixers in glacial CO2 drawdown

Posted by mmaheigan 
· Wednesday, December 4th, 2019 

Iron fertilization of marine phytoplankton by Aeolian dust is a well-established mechanism for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) drawdown by the ocean. When atmospheric CO2 decreased by 90-100 ppm during previous ice ages, fertilization of iron-limited phytoplankton in the high latitudes was thought to have contributed up to 1/3 (30 ppm) of the total CO2 drawdown. Unfortunately, recent modeling studies suggest that substantially less CO2 (only 2-10 ppm) is sequestered by the ocean in response to high latitude fertilization.

The limited capacity for high latitude CO­2 sequestration in response to iron enrichment motivated the authors of a new study published in Nature Communications to address how lower latitude phytoplankton could contribute to CO2 drawdown. The authors used an ocean model to show that in response to Aeolian iron fertilization, dinitrogen (N2) fixers, specialized phytoplankton that introduce bioavailable nitrogen to tropical surface waters, drive the sequestration of an additional 7-16 ppm of CO2 by the ocean.

Figure 1: Scenarios of Fe supply to the tropical Pacific. In the low iron scenario, analogous to the modern climate, N2 fixation (yellow zone and dots) is concentrated in the Northwest and Southwest subtropical Pacific where aeolian dust deposition is greatest. Non-limiting PO4 concentrations (green zone and dots) exist within the tropics and spread laterally from the area of upwelling near the Americas and at the equator (blue zone). In the high Fe scenario, analogous to the glacial climate, N2 fixation couples to the upwelling zones in the east Pacific, enabling strong utilisation of PO4, the vertical expansion of suboxic zones (grey bubbles) and a deeper injection of carbon-enriched organic matter (downward squiggly arrows).

These results provide evidence of a tropical ocean CO2 sequestration pathway, the mere existence of which is hotly debated. Importantly, the study describes an additional mechanism of CO2 drawdown that is complementary to the high latitude mechanism. When combined, their contributions elevate iron-driven CO2 drawdown towards the expected 30 ppm, making iron fertilization a driver of a stronger biological pump on a global scale.

 

Authors:
Pearse Buchanan (University of Liverpool, University of Tasmania, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, ARC Centre of Excellence in Climate System Science)
Zanna Chase (University of Tasmania)
Richard Matear (CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, ARC Centre of Excellence in Climate Extremes)
Steven Phipps (University of Tasmania)
Nathaniel Bindoff (University of Tasmania, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, ARC Centre of Excellence in Climate Extremes, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre)

Filter by Keyword

234Th disequilibrium abundance acidification africa air-sea flux air-sea interactions air-sea interface algae alkalinity allometry ammonium AMOC anoxia anoxic Antarctic anthro impacts anthropogenic carbon aquaculture aragonite saturation arctic Argo argon arsenic artificial seawater Atlantic Atlantic modeling atmospheric carbon atmospheric CO2 atmospheric nitrogen deposition authigenic carbonates autonomous platforms bacteria BATS benthic bgc argo bio-go-ship bio-optical bioavailability biogeochemical cycles biogeochemical cycling biogeochemical models biogeochemistry Biological Essential Ocean Variables biological pump biological uptake biophysics bloom blooms blue carbon bottom water boundary layer buffer capacity C14 CaCO3 calcification calcite calcium carbonate carbon-climate feedback carbon-sulfur coupling carbon budget carbon cycle carbon dioxide carbon export carbon sequestration carbon storage Caribbean CCA CCS changi changing marine ecosystems changing marine environments changing ocean chemistry chemical oceanographic data chemical speciation chemoautotroph chesapeake bay chl a chlorophyll circulation climate change climate variability CO2 CO2YS coastal darkening coastal ocean cobalt Coccolithophores community composition conservation cooling effect copepod coral reefs CTD currents cyclone data data access data management data product Data standards DCM dead zone decadal trends decomposers decomposition deep convection deep ocean deep sea coral deoxygenation depth diagenesis diatoms DIC diel migration diffusion dimethylsulfide dinoflagellate discrete measurements dissolved inorganic carbon dissolved organic carbon DOC DOM domoic acid dust DVM earth system models ecology ecosystems ecosystem state eddy Education Ekman transport emissions ENSO enzyme equatorial regions error ESM estuarine and coastal carbon estuarine and coastal carbon fluxes estuary euphotic zone eutrophication evolution export export fluxes export production EXPORTS extreme events extreme weather events faecal pellets filter feeders filtration rates fire fish Fish carbon fisheries floats fluid dynamics fluorescence food webs forage fish forams freshening freshwater frontal zone fronts functional role future oceans geochemistry geoengineering geologic time GEOTRACES glaciers gliders global carbon budget global ocean global warming go-ship grazing greenhouse gas Greenland groundwater Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf Stream gyre harmful algal bloom high latitude human food human impact hurricane hydrogen hydrothermal hypoxia ice age ice cores ice cover industrial onset inverse circulation ions iron iron fertilization isotopes jellies katabatic winds kelvin waves krill kuroshio laboratory vs field land-ocean continuum larvaceans lateral transport LGM lidar ligands light light attenuation lipids mangroves marine carbon cycle marine heatwave marine particles marine snowfall marshes Mediterranean meltwater mesopelagic mesoscale metagenome metals methane methods microbes microlayer microorganisms microscale microzooplankton midwater mixed layer mixed layers mixing mixotrophy modeling models mode water molecular diffusion MPT multi-decade n2o NAAMES NASA NCP net community production net primary productivity new ocean state new technology Niskin bottle nitrate nitrogen nitrogen fixation nitrous oxide north atlantic north pacific nuclear war nutricline nutrient budget nutrient cycling nutrient limitation nutrients OA ocean-atmosphere ocean acidification ocean acidification data ocean carbon uptake and storage ocean color ocean observatories ocean warming ODZ oligotrophic omics OMZ open ocean optics organic particles oscillation overturning circulation oxygen pacific paleoceanography particle flux pCO2 PDO peat pelagic PETM pH phenology phosphorus photosynthesis physical processes physiology phytoplankton PIC plankton POC polar regions pollutants precipitation predation prediction primary production primary productivity Prochlorococcus proteins pteropods pycnocline radioisotopes remineralization remote sensing repeat hydrography residence time resource management respiration resuspension rivers rocky shore Rossby waves Ross Sea ROV salinity salt marsh satell satellite scale seafloor seagrass sea ice sea level rise seasonal patterns seasonal trends sea spray seaweed sediments sensors shelf system shells ship-based observations shorelines silicate silicon cycle sinking particles size SOCCOM soil carbon southern ocean south pacific spatial covariations speciation SST stoichiometry subduction submesoscale subpolar subtropical sulfate surf surface surface ocean Synechococcus teleconnections temperate temperature temporal covariations thermocline thermodynamics thermohaline thorium tidal time-series time of emergence top predators total alkalinity trace elements trace metals trait-based transfer efficiency transient features Tris trophic transfer tropical turbulence twilight zone upper ocean upper water column upwelling US CLIVAR validation velocity gradient ventilation vertical flux vertical migration vertical transport volcano warming water clarity water quality waves western boundary currents wetlands winter mixing world ocean compilation zooplankton

Copyright © 2023 - OCB Project Office, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd, MS #25, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA Phone: 508-289-2838  •  Fax: 508-457-2193  •  Email: ocb_news@us-ocb.org

link to nsflink to noaalink to WHOI

Funding for the Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry Project Office is provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The OCB Project Office is housed at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.