Author Archive for mmaheigan

2027 OCB Activity Proposal Solicitation – deadline Oct 26

Posted by mmaheigan 
· Wednesday, September 2nd, 2026 

The Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) Program is soliciting proposals for OCB activities that will take place or begin during the 2027 calendar year. In the coming year, we are able to support 1 topical workshop (to take place in summer or fall 2027) and 2-3 hub and/or small group activities. We seek proposals for OCB-relevant workshops and activities as follows:

  • Workshops and training activities – These activities bring together practitioners across disciplines to build community and/or capacity on OCB-relevant topics (see scientific scope below). A training activity is typically limited to 30-40 participants, and a topical workshop is typically limited to 50-60 participants. A hybrid format is strongly encouraged to broaden input and impact. We also welcome proposals for fully virtual workshops and training activities. The participant selection process for training activities should use a pre-determined evaluative rubric. Budgets for these activities will be capped at $70,000.
  • Small group activities – These activities have a specific focus and set of outcomes. They are typically limited to ~8-16 participants and 1-2 years in duration. The majority of participant interaction must take place virtually. Work is to be completed both synchronously and asynchronously via Zoom and collaborative tools (e.g., Google Suite). A small amount of funding (add-on hotel night, food and beverage) can be provided to accommodate a side meeting in conjunction with other workshops (OCB, AGU, OSM, etc.), and publication costs. If a small group activity is a follow-on or direct outgrowth of a previous OCB activity, this connection should be explicitly noted, and PIs must address how this activity will further advance progress. Budgets for these activities will be capped at $15,000.
  • Regional hubs – This is a relatively new OCB activity model (based on the OCB-supported regional mCDR nodes) that aims to foster community building at the regional scale on OCB-relevant topics, including practitioners across sectors, disciplines, and career stages. A small amount of funding is provided to support one large gathering or a series of smaller gatherings (meeting-related expenses such as venue, catering, etc.), as well as associated outcomes (publications, outreach materials, etc.). There is no travel/lodging support available for these activities, as all participants should be local or within driving distance of a regional hub. Budgets for these activities will be capped at $10,000.

To get familiar with OCB’s current and previous activities, PIs should view the OCB website before preparing and submitting a proposal. If you have questions about the relevance, timeliness, appropriate format, etc. of a proposed activity, please contact the OCB Project Office for guidance. Proposals must be led by a US-based PI and all activities must take place in the US. To guide proposal preparation, we strongly encourage PIs to read OCB’s Code of Conduct and OCB Planning Guidelines before getting started.

Read the full solicitation

Submit ideas for OCB2027 plenary sessions

Posted by mmaheigan 
· Wednesday, September 2nd, 2026 
OCB2027: June 22-25, 2027 (Woods Hole, MA)

Dear Colleague Letter input on NSF ocean observing – deadline Sept 30

Posted by mmaheigan 
· Monday, August 31st, 2026 

NSF has issued a Dear Colleague Letter seeking input on priorities, strategies, and technologies for future NSF ocean observing systems that support scientific and societal needs. Comment deadline is September 30.

Dear Colleagues,

On June 18, 2026, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) announced its intent to continue operations and maintenance of the NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) and to issue this Dear Colleague Letter soliciting perspectives on what ocean observation capabilities NSF should provide. NSF requests the public’s vision for an effective NSF ocean observation system that is scientifically relevant, technologically up-to-date, operationally viable and aligned with NSF’s mission and priorities. In particular, NSF seeks responses to one, some, or all of the following questions:

  • How should NSF’s investments complement and/or differ from other national and international efforts; for example, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) ocean observation systems?
  • What gaps exist in observations to address high impact science questions and what oceanic regions could benefit from NSF ocean observations system(s)?
  • What types of observations would best advance the national interest?
  • What types of observations (e.g., pre-selected sites vs. moveable assets) are needed and what technologies are ready for implementation to ensure advancement of the state of the science?
  • Which elements in NSF’s existing observational portfolio should be maintained or updated to fulfil the identified needs?
  • What other operational uses and stakeholders should be considered and how can their needs be best served?
  • What are robust metrics to assess the scientific and societal impact and value of observations over time?
  • How should NSF seek to balance the development of new ocean observing technologies with the collection of more data using established technologies?
  • What additional factors should NSF consider?

In addition to OOI, NSF investments in ocean observations include mid-scale infrastructure (i.e., GO-BGC Argo program, Cascadia Offshore Subduction Zone Observatory), and individual research projects that provide time series and longer-term observations. The U.S. Academic Research Fleet, sub-seafloor drilling capabilities, remote sensing measurements, and any science questions best answered through term-limited research grants are not part of this request.

These NSF-supported ocean observing activities were developed over the last 25 or more years in response to specific science questions. NSF now seeks to revisit its ocean observation investments to ensure continued alignment with high priority science needs, using the best available technologies and approaches, and covering regions where oceans play a critical role in Earth system processes. We invite feedback that will help NSF ensure efficient and continued evolution of ocean observations. Input should consider:

  • Alignment with NSF’s mission and with current science needs.
  • Integration of existing efforts to better and more efficiently serve science.
  • Development of new strategic partnerships.

Several U.S. federal and state agencies and other entities maintain robust ocean observation networks. Submissions should take these efforts into account and clearly identify the challenges and opportunities that NSF-led ocean observation system(s) could address.

NSF encourages responses both from individuals and aggregated responses from groups such as professional societies or other organizations.

Please use this form to submit your response to the above questions by September 30, 2026. Responses will be limited to 3,250 characters (including spaces; the equivalent of a single page of text in 12-point font) for each question. Materials received will help inform NSF’s future actions regarding ocean observations and help ensure that data services and tools align with stakeholder needs. All information provided to NSF may be made public without further notice. Please do not include any confidential business or sensitive personal privacy information. NSF will not respond to individual inquiries about this DCL.

Thank you for your engagement and contributions to the advancement of ocean science.

Sincerely,

Simon Malcomber
Chief Science Officer

New report: FAIR Data for Ocean Time Series

Posted by mmaheigan 
· Monday, August 24th, 2026 

Since the early to mid-20th century, shipboard marine ecological time series (METS), or sustained repeat measurements of physical, biogeochemical, and biological processes, have documented changes in ocean biogeochemistry and marine ecosystems. To date, numerous disconnected databases and interfaces for accessing data have made it difficult for prospective users to find and use these datasets. Limited data access, discoverability, reporting, and interoperability represent a barrier to analyses within and across METS. Standardized guidelines on METS sampling and analytical methods, data and metadata reporting protocols, data sharing culture, and data citation practices are needed to track and expand time series data usage and facilitate comparative studies across METS stations. It is this set of data-related challenges that the METS Research Coordination Network set out to address. This report is a summary of METS RCN activities and efforts, including a culminating community workshop that included representation from a globally distributed set of METS. The report provides informatics tools and resources that are specific to METS datasets and includes actionable recommendations for strengthening a global METS network and broadening applications and users of METS datasets.

Benway, H., Kinkade, D., White, A., Mickle, A., Buck, J., Shepherd, A., Pacheco, F., Lange, N., O’Brien, T., Berghoff, C., Miskin-Hymas, C., Guisewhite, N., Gonz.lez-D.vila, M., Santana-Casiano, M., Mansfield, T., Mieruch, S., Brearley, J.A., Blanco Bercial, L., Montes, E., Morkeski, K., Gerlach, D., Plueddemann, A., Wright-Fairbanks, L. (2026) FAIR Data Practices for Marine Ecological Time Series (NSF EarthCube Research Coordination Network). An OCB Report. 35pp. https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/73186 (repository direct url: https://hdl.handle.net/1912/73186)

 

The North Atlantic’s microscopic carbon traffic controllers

Posted by mmaheigan 
· Friday, August 14th, 2026 

Each year, as the North Atlantic transitions from turbulent spring mixing to layered summer stratification, a key question emerges: How do these seasonal changes reshape bacterial host-virus interactions and control carbon flux?

In a recent study published in Microorganisms, researchers show that seasonal stratification regulates viral activity by modulating encounter rates between viruses and distinct bacterial hosts. They found that one viral group (V1) is tightly coupled with high nucleic acid (HNA) bacteria in stratified surface waters, whereas another (V2) preferentially interacts with low nucleic acid (LNA) cells in the deeper, well-mixed layers. These patterns indicate that physical layering structures viral dynamics by regulating host distribution and ecological traits. Importantly, the study reveals a growth-dependent shift in viral infection strategy. The induction of temperate viruses increases with host growth rate up to a metabolic threshold (~0.1 d⁻¹), then declines as lytic infection becomes dominant. This finding challenges the traditional paradigm that lysogeny is favored under low-productivity conditions, instead suggesting that lysogeny may play a key role in fast-growing, r-selected host-virus systems.

These results highlight how viruses act as microscopic carbon traffic controllers, regulating the balance between microbial recycling and carbon export across seasonal transitions. During the shift toward stronger stratification, virus-driven lysis redirects up to 47% of bacterial carbon into dissolved pools each day, reinforcing the dominance of the microbial loop. Yet, under certain conditions, viral lysis may also inject carbon into deeper waters, enhancing export and the efficiency of the biological carbon pump. It is essential to understand these shifting pathways to predict how ocean stratification reshapes carbon cycling in a changing climate.

 

Authors:
Yean Das (The University of Southern Mississippi)
Corina P. D. Brussaard (NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research & University of Amsterdam)
Kristina D. A. Mojica (The University of Southern Mississippi)

Citation:
Das, Y., Brussaard, C. P. D, & Mojica, K. D. (2025). Heterotrophic Prokaryote Host–Virus Dynamics During Spring in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Microorganisms, 13(11), 2474. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13112474

Impacts of warming and circulation slowdown on future ocean carbon cycle feedback

Posted by mmaheigan 
· Friday, August 14th, 2026 

The ocean has absorbed a quarter of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, mitigating changes. However, predicting the future fate of this ‘sink’ is challenging as marine carbon is regulated by a complex set of interacting processes that respond differently to warming. Our recent study teases apart these interactions with a novel mechanistic carbon decomposition and attribution framework applied to an ocean biogeochemical model driven by output from a climate model, to quantify the impact of changes in different forcing factors, such as warming and circulation, on marine carbon storage and the consequent feedback on atmospheric CO2.

Figure: (a) Waterfall chart attributing changes in atmospheric CO2 (pCO2atm) (relative to a simulation with no climate change; NCC) to different carbon components for the SSP5-8.5 high-emission scenario. Each bar represents a component with its height corresponding to the (positive or negative) change in pCO2atm due to that component. The cumulative change in pCO2atm as successive components are added is shown from left to right. Subscripts are: sat=saturation, dis=disequilibrium, soft=soft tissue remineralization, caco3=CaCO3 dissolution, phy=physical process, and bio=biological process. (b) Compensation ratio of change (∆) in preformed to regenerated carbon with respect to NCC in the Temperature (solid lines) and Circulation (dashed lines) attribution experiments for the four emission scenarios studied as a function of time. (c) Change in carbon components with respect to NCC in year 2500 due to temperature under the SSP1-2.6 low-emission scenario. (d) Change in carbon components with respect to NCC in year 2500 due to circulation under SSP5-8.5.

We find that under a high-emission scenario, global warming reduces marine carbon storage and raises atmospheric CO2 in 2500 by ~270 ppm (Fig panel a), a positive feedback. This is due to a decrease in ocean CO2 uptake (Csat,phy), compensated in part by an increase in biologically regenerated carbon (Csoft & Ccaco3). While previous studies have also found this compensation, they have ascribed it largely to a slowdown in ocean circulation. Our attribution experiments instead show that the degree of compensation depends strongly on the process and emission scenario (Panel b). Reduced CO2 uptake due to a slower circulation is half-compensated by increased regenerated carbon under high emissions, but almost exactly compensated for under the lowest emission scenario (dashed lines). On the other hand, temperature-driven changes in uptake and regeneration are mostly uncompensated (solid lines); the direct effects of warming thus dominate under low-emission, high-mitigation scenarios, while also contributing a third of the decrease in carbon storage at the highest emissions. Air-sea disequilibrium, as revealed by the carbon decomposition, provides an explanation. Warming enhances physical disequilibrium because of an increase in the meridional sea surface temperature gradient; this is the leading cause of the decrease in carbon storage under low emissions (Panel c). In contrast, for high emissions (Panel d) a slowdown in circulation decreases physical disequilibrium, amplifying the impact of increased biological carbon sequestration in compensating for reduced CO2 uptake. In summary, temperature dominates the climate-carbon cycle feedback for low emission scenarios, and circulation for high emission scenarios. This study provides new mechanistic insights into how the marine carbon cycle responds to change, and highlights the need for accurate partitioning of carbon components in Earth System Models.

 

Authors:
Samar Khatiwala (Waseda University)
Olivia Strachan (Independent Researcher)
Andreas Schmittner (Oregon State University)

Citation: Khatiwala, S., O. Strachan and A. Schmittner (2026). Multi-centennial response of marine carbon pumps to global warming, Nature Climate Change, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-026-02686-x.

Research Briefing (accompanying the main article): Warming dominates over circulation slowdown in reducing marine carbon storage under high-mitigation scenarios, Nature Climate Change, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-026-02687-w.

Do ecological feedbacks matter in a changing world?

Posted by mmaheigan 
· Friday, August 14th, 2026 

Interactions among organisms shape ecological dynamics, while exchanges with the environment alter physical and chemical conditions. Examples of these include predator-prey dynamics (biotic interaction), the release of nutrients through excretion (chemical changes), or the development of coral reefs (physical changes). Together, these processes can generate feedback loops, which may amplify or buffer the impacts of environmental change. We know such processes are important in ecosystems, but do ecological feedbacks really matter at larger scales and in the wider Earth system? To address this question, authors of a recent study published in Earth’s Future, compiled what is known about how ecological feedbacks operate, drawing on examples from ecosystems in marine, terrestrial and freshwater habitats across the world.

Figure caption: A wide range of ecological feedbacks influence the functioning of coral reef systems, affecting the structure and functioning of the ecosystem and associated physical and biogeochemical processes. Figure modified from Murphy et al. (2025), originally published in Earth’s Future, © The Authors, published by the American Geophysical Union under a Creative Commons license.

The synthesis highlights that ecological feedbacks are ubiquitous within and across ecosystems, yet remain a major gap in Earth system science. Ecological feedbacks can affect ecosystem structure and resilience, tipping points, global biogeochemical cycles, and the structure and dynamics of the physical environment. The study emphasises that current Earth System models often underrepresent these processes, despite their importance for carbon cycling, climate regulation, and ecosystem stability. Representing them appropriately is not trivial. Feedbacks operate across spatial (local to global) and temporal (seconds to centuries) scales, and are integral in multiple Earth system processes. A systematic approach is needed to both develop our understanding of ecological feedbacks and refine models, which will require increased integration of ecosystem and Earth system research. Overall, these findings matter because failing to account for ecological feedbacks could lead to inaccurate climate projections, misguided policy decisions, and unanticipated ecological losses.

Authors
Eugene Murphy (British Antarctic Survey)
Jessica Williams (Imperial College London)
Emma Cavan (Imperial College London)

 

Follow and learn more:
www.bas.ac.uk, IMBeR, ICED, SCOR, Future Earth, imber-youtube

@britishantarcticsurvey, @imber, @scor-int.bsky.social, @futureearth

https://www.bas.ac.uk/profile/ejmu/

https://profiles.imperial.ac.uk/jessica.williams15

https://profiles.imperial.ac.uk/e.cavan/about

 

Some extra background:
The study developed from scientific activities of the Integrating Climate Ecosystem Dynamics in the Southern Ocean (ICED) programme and the Integrated Marine Biosphere Research Project (IMBeR). ICED is a regional programme of IMBeR, which is a Large-Scale Ocean Research Project under the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and a Global Research Network under Future Earth. Improving understanding of ecological feedbacks in the Earth system was developed as an Innovation Challenge of IMBeR, with a conference session on the topic held at the Future Oceans 2 conference. Following subsequent discussions, and a recognition of the connected nature of ecosystems across the world, the study expanded to develop an integrated view encompassing marine, terrestrial and freshwater systems.

 

Citation: Murphy, E. J., Williams, J. J., Myers-Smith, I. H., Groner, V. P., Jacoby, D. M. P., Kwiatkowski, L., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Ransome, E., Banks-Leite, C., Bopp, L., Gehlen, M., Hofmann, E. E., Hoogakker, B., Johnston, N. M., Malhi, Y., & Cavan, E. L. (2026). Ecological Feedbacks in the Earth System. Earth’s Future, 14(2), e2025EF006478. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EF006478

 

Beyond carbonate chemistry: Biogenic silica dissolution may weaken carbon sequestration under ocean alkalinity enhancement

Posted by mmaheigan 
· Friday, August 14th, 2026 

Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a promising carbon dioxide removal strategy, yet evaluating its net carbon removal potential requires understanding not only seawater carbonate chemistry, but also biological feedbacks that may influence long-term carbon sequestration. While most OAE studies focus on resolving immediate responses during biomass production, much less attention is paid to processes occurring during particle sinking.

In a 39-day mesocosm experiment in the North Sea, a recent study investigated how phytoplankton bloom development and the composition of sinking particles responded to CO2-unequilibrated OAE (ΔTAmax = 1250 μmol kg-1). Although phytoplankton blooms were delayed, their overall magnitude and organic carbon export remained largely unchanged across the OAE gradient. In contrast, elevated pH (up to 9.25) enhanced the dissolution of diatom-derived silica during particle sinking, reducing silica ballasting ratios (BSi:POC) by up to 60%. This response is consistent with the well-established pH sensitivity of biogenic silica dissolution. Following bloom senescence, the degradation of protective organic coatings surrounding diatom frustules exposes biogenic silica to naturally undersaturated seawater, where elevated pH further accelerates dissolution.

Figure caption: A conceptual illustration of the North Sea mesocosm experiment investigating CO₂-unequilibrated OAE across a broad alkalinity gradient generated through different dilution scenarios. Original treatment colours and symbols are retained for transparency, although dilution treatments were pooled for the final analysis. Elevated pH enhanced the dissolution of diatom-derived biogenic silica during particle sinking, reducing silica ballasting ratuis (BSi:POC). The inset compares bloom-averaged water column (dashed regression, R2 = 0.56, p < 0.01) and deposition-averaged sediment trap (solid regression, R2 = 0.74, p < 0.01) silica ballasting ratios, illustrating that silica loss intensified during particle sinking. Graphics adapted from Integration and Application Network, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, https://ian.umces.edu/symbols/.

Because silica ballasting influences the depth at which sinking organic matter is remineralized, reduced silica preservation may shoal carbon remineralization and shorten carbon sequestration timescales, even when export production remains unchanged. The study highlights an export-phase process that has received little attention in OAE research and should be considered in future field observations and Earth system models evaluating the net carbon sequestration efficacy of OAE.

Authors
Philipp Suessle (University of the Azores)
Kai Georg Schulz (Southern Cross University, Geomar Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research)
Joana Barcelos e Ramos (University of the Azores)
Nico Manuel Sievers (Geomar Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research)
Julieta Schneider (Southern Cross University, Geomar Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research)
Juliane Katharina Tammen (Geomar Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research)
Leila Kittu (Geomar Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research)
Laura Marín-Samper (University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria)
Maarten Boersma (Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar- and Marine Research)
Ulf Riebesell (Geomar Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research)

 

Citation: Suessle, P., Schulz, K. G., Barcelos e Ramos, J., Sievers, N. M., Schneider, J., Tammen, J. K., Kittu, L., Marín-Samper, L., Boersma, M., and Riebesell, U. (2026) Ocean alkalinity enhancement reduces silica ballasting during export due to amplified dissolution, Biogeosciences, 23, 4691–4710, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4691-2026.

BGC-Argo floats reveal shifting nitrogen cycling in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific

Posted by mmaheigan 
· Friday, August 14th, 2026 

Oxygen-deficient zones are regions of the ocean where microbes consume nitrate in lieu of oxygen. This drives major losses of biologically available nitrogen. In a recent study, we used a BGC-Argo float in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific to remotely observe these processes over nearly three years. Using a new method to extract nitrite from UV nitrate sensor spectra (Bif and Johnson, 2025), the float captured a progressive decline in the secondary nitrite maximum over time, revealing a shift in microbial nitrogen cycling through time.

By combining float observations with a stoichiometric biogeochemical model, we found that nitrogen transformations reorganized in response to changing organic matter supply and redox conditions. The results show that oxygen-deficient zones are highly dynamic environments rather than stable systems. This also demonstrates how autonomous observing platforms can now monitor hidden nitrogen and carbon cycling processes across the global ocean in near real time.

Figure. BGC-Argo float observations in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific oxygen-deficient zone. (a) Float WMO#5906484 trajectory. (b) Time-series distribution of nitrite concentrations. The white contour indicates the upper boundary of low-oxygen waters of less than 1 µmol/kg. (c) Nitrate concentrations over the same period. (d–e) Relative contributions of anammox and denitrification estimated with a stoichiometric mass-balance model under contrasting biogeochemical conditions.

Authors:
Mariana B. Bif (University of Miami)
Colette Kelly (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, now
Mark A. Altabet (University of Massachusetts Dartmouth)
Annie Bourbonnais (University of South Carolina)
Claire Elbon (University of Washington)
Edgart Flores (University of Colorado Boulder
Alanna Mnich (University of Massachusetts Dartmouth)
Josh Plant (Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI))
Kenneth S. Johnson (Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI))

 

 

Citations:

Bif, M.B., & Johnson, K.S., 2025. BGC-Argo floats reveal nitrite and thiosulfate dynamics in the oceans with high spatiotemporal resolution. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 39, e2024GB008473. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GB008473

Bif, M.B., Kelly, C., Altabet, M.A., Bourbonnais, A., Elbon, C., Flores, E., Mnich, A., Plant, J. and Johnson, K.S., 2026. BGC-Argo float reveals shifts in nitrogen-carbon cycling in an oxygen-deficient zone. Communications Earth & Environment, 7(1), p.294. https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-026-03410-5

Remembering Dr. Jorge Sarmiento

Posted by mmaheigan 
· Friday, July 10th, 2026 

The global climate science community mourns the passing of Dr. Jorge Sarmiento in May 2026. In addition to co-authoring the first decadal U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Plan (Sarmiento and Wofsy, 1999) and leading the historic push to develop the U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program and its carbon science coordination entities, OCB and NACP,  Jorge stood as a pioneering “giant” in ocean biogeochemistry whose visionary leadership fundamentally shaped the trajectory of Earth system science. From his early steering of JGOFS to his profound contributions within OCB and his groundbreaking work heading the SOCCOM initiative, Jorge unraveled the critical complexities of the Southern Ocean and global marine ecosystems. Yet, beyond his extraordinary scientific accolades, including his shared recognition in the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize, his ultimate legacy lives on through his selfless mentorship, his infectious enthusiasm for new ideas, and the generations of brilliant scientists he inspired and guided. We owe an immeasurable debt of gratitude to Jorge for his career of profound discovery, collaborative spirit, and enduring dedication to understanding our planet. He will be deeply missed, but his scientific legacy remains a guiding light for all future carbon cycle research. 

See also ‘Remembering Jorge Sarmiento, a ‘giant’ in climate studies’

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Funding for the Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry Project Office is provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The OCB Project Office is housed at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.