Archive for blue carbon

Global change impacts soil carbon storage in blue carbon ecosystems

Posted by mmaheigan 
· Wednesday, May 20th, 2020 

Vegetated coastal “blue carbon” ecosystems, including sea grasses, mangroves, and salt marshes, provide valuable ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, storm protection, critical habitat, etc.. Many of these services are supported by the ability of blue carbon ecosystems to accumulate soil organic carbon over thousands of years.  Rapidly changing climate and environmental conditions will impact decomposition and thus the global reservoir of organic carbon in coastal soils. A recent Perspective article published in Nature Geoscience focused on the biogeochemical factors affecting decomposition in coastal soils, such as mineral protection, redox zonation, water content and movement, and plant-microbe interactions. The authors explored the spatial and temporal scales of these decomposition mechanisms and developed a conceptual framework to characterize how they may respond to environmental disturbances such as land-use change, nutrient loading, warming, and sea-level rise.

Figure caption: Temperate salt marshes (MA, USA). Healthy salt marshes have lush stands of grasses (top). Storms can expose peat deposits that have been buried for thousands of years (bottom). The fate of this soil carbon is unknown, but some fraction will be respired by microbes and returned to the atmosphere as CO2.

Improved estimates of soil organic carbon in blue carbon systems will require better characterization of these processes from sustained data sets. Furthermore, incorporation of these decomposition mechanisms into ecosystem evolution models will improve our capacity to quantify and predict changes in these soil carbon reservoirs, which could facilitate their inclusion in global budgets and management tools.

Temperate salt marshes (MA, USA). Healthy salt marshes have lush stands of grasses (left/top). Storms can expose peat deposits that have been buried for thousands of years (right/bottom). The fate of this soil carbon is unknown, but some fraction will be respired by microbes and returned to the atmosphere as CO2.

 

Authors:
Amanda C Spivak (University of Georgia)
Jon Sanderman (Woods Hole Research Center)
Jennifer Bowen (Northeastern University)
Elizabeth A. Canuel (Virginia Institute of Marine Science)
Charles S Hopkinson (University of Georgia)

An Important Biogeochemical Link between Organic and Inorganic Carbon Cycling: Contributions of Organic Alkalinity

Posted by mmaheigan 
· Wednesday, April 8th, 2020 

As a part of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), organic acid charge groups can contribute significantly to total alkalinity (TA) in natural waters. Such a contribution is termed as organic alkalinity (OrgAlk). Beyond being part of TA, OrgAlk represents an important biogeochemical linkage between organic and inorganic carbon cycling. In other words, the biogeochemical cycling of organic acid charge groups – i.e. their sources, sinks, and biogeochemical behaviors – directly impacts pH and carbonate speciation, which may ultimately influence air-water CO2 exchange and inorganic carbon fluxes. However, the effects of OrgAlk is often ignored or treated as a calculation uncertainty in many aquatic CO2 studies. How we treat and study OrgAlk may need a new paradigm under biogeochemical cycles.

Based on direct titration data of OrgAlk, the authors of a recent study conducted a comprehensive assessment of OrgAlk variability, sources, and characteristics in a sub-estuary of Waquoit Bay (Massachusetts). The sub-estuary is influenced by a salt marsh, groundwater input, and offshore water. Both the salt marsh and groundwater OrgAlk contributed up to 4.3% of the TA across all sampled seasons. Estuarine OrgAlk:DOC ratios varied across space and time, which suggests that their abundances are controlled by different biogeochemical processes. In addition, the study demonstrates the insufficiency of using a fixed proportion of DOC to account for OrgAlk, as well as the challenge of using measured pH, TA, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to estimate OrgAlk. The effects of OrgAlk in these waters are equivalent to a pH change of ~ 0.03 – 0.26, or a pCO2 change of ~30–1600 matm. If extrapolating OrgAlk results to other coastal systems ranging from estuaries to continental shelves, OrgAlk would exert a strong control on both carbonate speciation and, ultimately, air-sea CO2 fluxes. This study provides a new conceptual framework for cycling of OrgAlk species and associated links between DOC and DIC pools in coastal systems (Figure 1).

Figure caption: A conceptual model of organic alkalinity cycling in coastal systems. BioP and ChemP represent in-situ biological production and chemical production of organic acid charge groups, respectively. Alk denotes total alkalinity. Arrows with dashed lines indicate processes that were not studied in the present study. The values in the boxes of pH, pCO2, and buffer capacity represent the magnitude of OrgAlk effects on pH, pCO2, and buffer capacity in the range of OrgAlk% in TA observed in this study (0.9 – 4.3%).

 

Authors
Shuzhen Song (East China Normal University)
Zhaohui Aleck Wang (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)
Meagan Eagle Gonneea (U. S. Geological Survey)
Kevin D. Kroeger (U. S. Geological Survey)

Nitrate enrichment may threaten coastal wetland carbon storage

Posted by mmaheigan 
· Thursday, February 27th, 2020 

With their high primary productivity and slow decomposition in anoxic soils, salt marshes and other coastal wetlands can store carbon more efficiently than terrestrial uplands. These wetlands also provide critical ecosystem services such as interception of land-derived nutrients before they can enter the coastal ocean. Therefore, it is important to understand how anthropogenic supplies of nitrate (NO3–) affect marsh sustainability and carbon storage.

In marsh sediment studies, the most common form of experimental nitrogen enrichment uses pelletized fertilizer composed of ammonium, urea, or other organic based fertilizers. Authors of a recent study published in Global Change Biology hypothesized that when nutrients were instead added in the form of nitrate (NO3–), the most common form of nitrogen enrichment in coastal waters, it would stimulate microbial decomposition of organic matter by serving as an electron acceptor for microbial respiration in anoxic salt marsh sediments. Furthermore, decomposition would vary with sediment depth, with decreased decomposition at greater depths, where less biologically available organic matter accumulated over time.

Figure 1: DIC production as a proxy for microbial respiration in salt marsh sediments from three distinct depth horizons (shallow 0-5cm, mid 10-15cm, deep 20-25cm) that span a range of biological availability. The addition of NO3- (green) stimulated DIC production relative to unenriched sediments, regardless of sediment depth. All samples were run under anoxic conditions (without the presence of oxygen), closely matching that of normal salt marsh sediments.

Surprisingly, NO3– addition stimulated decomposition of organic matter at all depths, with the highest decomposition rates in the surface sediments. This suggests that there is a pool of “NO3–-labile” organic matter in marsh sediments that microbes can decompose under high-NO3– conditions that would otherwise remain stable. As human activities continue to enrich our coastal waters with NO3– through agricultural runoff, septic systems, and other pathways, it could inadvertently decrease coastal wetlands’ carbon storage capacity, with negative consequences for both blue carbon offsets and marsh sustainability in the face of sea level rise.

 

Authors:
Jennifer Bowen (Northeastern University)
Ashley Bulseco (MBL/WHOI)
Anne Giblin (MBL)

Gulf of Mexico: A blue carbon hotspot of mangroves, seagrass and marshes

Posted by mmaheigan 
· Wednesday, February 20th, 2019 

The Gulf of Mexico (GoM) is an important global hotspot that comprises over 2.1615 million hectares of blue carbon habitats, including mangroves, seagrasses, and salt marshes, which collectively store 480.5 Tg of organic carbon (Corg) just in the upper 1 meter of sediment. Some of these important areas of carbon sequestration are protected or conserved, but much of the area is vulnerable, as 69 million people (US and Mexico) live within 50 miles of these blue carbon habitats, so the potential for development and subsequent habitat loss is high. In a recent study published in Science of the Total Environment, the estuaries around the GoM were delineated to determine areal extent and associated carbon stocks for all three habitats.

Figure 1: Map of blue carbon extent and stock for six sub-regions in the Gulf of Mexico estuaries and the Florida Shelf. The areal extent in hectares (ha) and associated organic carbon (Corg) stock in Tg is listed for each blue carbon system (MN = mangroves, SG = seagrass, SM = saltmarsh) in each sub-region. The underlying blue carbon map shows the distribution of mangroves (red), saltmarsh (yellow), and seagrass (blue) (used with permission from Chmura and Short, 2015).

 

Of the GoM blue carbon systems studied, mangroves sequester the most carbon, storing nearly 200 Tg Corg over 650,482 ha (Figure 1). Seagrass is ubiquitous throughout the GoM basin, spanning over 1 million ha and storing 184 Tg Corg, Salt marshes, which are predominantly found in the northwestern quadrant of the GoM account for just under 100 Tg Corg. In addition to presenting these updated blue carbon stock estimates for the GoM, this study estimates anthropogenic impacts on GoM blue carbon storage and compares GoM vs. Atlantic shoreline blue carbon habitat stocks and extents.

 

Authors:
Anitra L. Thorhaug (Yale University)
Helen M. Poulos (Wesleyan University)
Jorge López-Portillo (Instituto de Ecología Mexico)
Jordan Barr (Elder Research)
Ana Laura Lara-Domínguez (Instituto de Ecología Mexico)
Tim C. Ku (Wesleyan University)
Graeme P.Berlyn (Yale University

Seagrass carbon dynamics: Gulf of Mexico

Posted by mmaheigan 
· Thursday, March 1st, 2018 

Seagrasses have died-off in great numbers, resulting in the release of stored carbon. Seagrasses represent a substantive and relatively unconstrained North American and Caribbean Sea blue carbon sink in the tropical Western Hemisphere. Fine-scale estimates of regional seagrass carbon stocks, as well as carbon fluxes from anthropogenic disturbances and natural processes and gains in sedimentary carbon from seagrass restoration are currently lacking for the bulk of tropical Western Hemisphere seagrass systems.

To address this knowledge gap, in the subtropics and tropics, a recent study yielded estimates of organic carbon (Corg) stocks, losses, and restoration gains from several seagrass beds around the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). GoM-wide seagrass natural Corg stocks were estimated to be ~37.2–37.5Tg Corg. A unique method involving quadruplicate sampling in naturally-occurring, restored, continually-historically barren, and previously-disturbed-now-barren sites provided the first available Corg loss measurements for subtropical-tropical seagrasses. GoM Corg losses were slow, occurring over multiple years, and differed between sites, depending on disturbance type. Mean restored seagrass bed Corg stocks exceeded those of natural seagrass beds, underscoring the importance of seagrass restoration as a viable carbon sequestration strategy. For restored seagrass areas, the older the restoration site, the greater the Corg stock.

Organic carbon stocks for Gulf of Mexico sediments for the top 20 cm of sediment in always barren, impacted barren, natural seagrass, and restored seagrass sites. Natural and restored seagrass beds had significantly higher organic carbon stocks than impacted barren or always barren sediments.

Seagrass restoration appears to be an important tool for climate-change mitigation. In the USA and throughout the tropics and subtropics, restoration could reduce sedimentary carbon leakage and bolster total blue carbon stores, while facilitating increased fisheries and shoreline stability. Although well-planned and executed restoration of seagrass is more difficult than mangroves or marshes, there are >1 million hectares of degraded seagrass habitats that could be restored, which would greatly increase blue carbon sinks and support diverse marine species that rely on seagrass for habitat and food.

 

Authors:
Anitra Thorhaug (Yale School of Forestry)
Helen M. Poulos (Earth Sci., Wesleyan Univ.)
Jorge López-Portillo (Inecol, Mexico)
Timothy C.W. Ku (Earth Sci., Wesleyan Univ.)
Graeme P. Berlyn (Yale School of Forestry)

Filter by Keyword

abundance acidification africa air-sea interactions alkalinity allometry ammonium AMOC anoxia anoxic Antarctic anthropogenic carbon aragonite saturation arctic arsenic Atlantic Atlantic modeling atmospheric CO2 atmospheric nitrogen deposition authigenic carbonates autonomous platforms bacteria BATS benthic bgc argo bioavailability biogeochemical cycles biogeochemical models biogeochemistry biological pump biological uptake biophysics bloom blooms blue carbon bottom water boundary layer buffer capacity CaCO3 calcification calcite carbon-climate feedback carbon-sulfur coupling carbon cycle carbon dioxide carbon sequestration Caribbean CCA CCS changing marine ecosystems changing ocean chemistry chemoautotroph chesapeake bay chl a chlorophyll circulation climate change CO2 coastal darkening coastal ocean cobalt Coccolithophores community composition conservation cooling effect copepod coral reefs currents cyclone DCM decomposers decomposition deep convection deep ocean deep sea coral deoxygenation depth diagenesis diatoms DIC diel migration dimethylsulfide dinoflagellate dissolved inorganic carbon dissolved organic carbon DOC DOM domoic acid dust DVM earth system models ecosystem state eddy Education Ekman transport emissions ENSO enzyme equatorial regions error ESM estuarine and coastal carbon fluxes estuary euphotic zone eutrophication evolution export EXPORTS extreme events extreme weather events faecal pellets filter feeders filtration rates fire fish Fish carbon fisheries floats fluid dynamics fluorescence food webs forams freshening freshwater frontal zone functional role future oceans geochemistry geoengineering GEOTRACES glaciers gliders global carbon budget global warming go-ship grazing greenhouse gas Greenland groundwater Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf Stream gyre harmful algal bloom high latitude human food human impact hurricane hydrothermal hypoxia ice age ice cores ice cover industrial onset inverse circulation iron iron fertilization isotopes jellies katabatic winds kelvin waves krill kuroshio land-ocean continuum larvaceans lateral transport LGM lidar ligands light light attenuation mangroves marine heatwave marine snowfall marshes Mediterranean meltwater mesopelagic mesoscale metagenome metals methane microbes microlayer microorganisms microscale microzooplankton midwater mixed layer mixed layers mixotrophy modeling mode water molecular diffusion MPT multi-decade NASA NCP net community production new technology nitrate nitrogen nitrogen fixation nitrous oxide north atlantic north pacific nutricline nutrient budget nutrient cycling nutrient limitation nutrients OA ocean-atmosphere ocean acidification ocean carbon uptake and storage ocean color ocean observatories ODZ oligotrophic omics OMZ open ocean optics organic particles overturning circulation oxygen pacific paleoceanography particle flux pCO2 PDO peat pelagic pH phenology phosphorus photosynthesis physical processes physiology phytoplankton plankton POC polar regions pollutants prediction primary productivity Prochlorococcus proteins pteropods pycnocline radioisotopes remineralization remote sensing residence time resource management respiration resuspension rivers rocky shore Rossby waves Ross Sea ROV salinity salt marsh satell satellite scale seafloor seagrass sea ice sea level rise seasonal patterns sea spray seaweed sediments sensors shelf system shells ship-based observations shorelines silicate sinking particles size SOCCOM soil carbon southern ocean south pacific spatial covariations speciation SST subduction submesoscale subpolar subtropical sulfate surface surface ocean Synechococcus teleconnections temperate temperature temporal covariations thermocline thermohaline thorium tidal time-series time of emergence top predators total alkalinity trace elements trace metals trait-based transfer efficiency transient features trophic transfer tropical turbulence twilight zone upper ocean upper water column upwelling US CLIVAR validation velocity gradient ventilation vertical flux vertical migration vertical transport volcano water clarity water quality western boundary currents wetlands winter mixing zooplankton

Copyright © 2021 - OCB Project Office, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd, MS #25, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA Phone: 508-289-2838  •  Fax: 508-457-2193  •  Email: ocb_news@us-ocb.org

link to nsflink to noaalink to WHOI

Funding for the Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry Project Office is provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The OCB Project Office is housed at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.