Archive for new technology

Net primary production from daily cycles of biomass using Argo floats

Posted by mmaheigan 
· Thursday, August 31st, 2023 

Net primary productivity is a central metric in ocean biogeochemistry that is costly and time-consuming to estimate using traditional water sampling methods. As a result, it is difficult to detect large-scale trends in ocean productivity. While satellite remote-sensing has partially solved this issue, its observations are limited to the top 10 to 40 m of the ocean and require assumptions about the depth profile of productivity.

Figure 1. (A) A map of BGC-Argo float profiles of particle backscattering where only floats deemed to contain samples from all hours of the day over its lifetime were shown. (BE) The hourly median (black points) and standard error (black vertical lines) of carbon biomass, estimated from particle backscatter. Over a 24-hour period, carbon biomass shows a net accumulation during the day (white space) and net loss during the night (gray space). This daily rhythm in biomass was used to infer gross primary productivity from a sinusoidal model fit that assumes productivity scales with light, community respiration is constant, and net community production is zero. (FI) Profiles of net primary productivity, shown with one standard error (shaded region), can be inferred from these daily cycles available for each depth and region. To estimate net primary production, we estimate gross oxygen production from gross primary (carbon) productivity assuming a photosynthetic quotient of 1.4 and that dissolved primary production is a third of total primary production. We then used an empirical ratio (equal to 2.7) to convert gross oxygen production to net primary productivity.

Our study addresses this problem by using BGC-Argo floats to estimate the in situ vertical structure of net primary productivity inferred from daily cycles of carbon biomass (Fig. 1). Although typical floats collect profiles every 5 or 10 days, it is possible to reconstruct the daily cycle in biomass by combining profiles from many floats that measure non-integer profiling frequencies (e.g., 5.2 or 10.2 days). These floats collect each subsequent profile at a different hour of the day, such that all hours of the day are about equally represented over the floats’ lifetimes. Combining enough of these floats’ profiles, the small daily variations in carbon biomass can be detected and used to infer net primary productivity. We demonstrate this for various depths, regions, and seasons.

Our approach provides low-cost, ground-truthed information throughout the water column across large expanses of the ocean and under various conditions (e.g., clouds, sea ice, or polar night), addressing some of the limitations of satellite or ship observations. We argue that the combination of BGC-Argo with satellite imagery will provide an invaluable tool for assessing large-scale trends in net primary production that may arise from climate change and other environmental purturbations.

 

Authors
Adam Stoer and Katja Fennel (Dalhousie University)

Dalhousie’s Marine Environmental Modelling Group:  memg.ocean.dal.ca

Lasers shed light on giant larvacean filtration impact on the ocean’s biological pump

Posted by mmaheigan 
· Thursday, January 4th, 2018 

To accurately assess the impacts of climate change, we need to understand how atmospheric carbon is transported from surface waters to the deep sea. Grazers and filter feeders drive the ocean’s biological pump as they remove and sequester carbon at various rates. This pump extends down into the midwater realm, the largest habitat on earth. Giant larvaceans are fascinating and enigmatic occupants of the upper 400 m of the water column, where they build complex filtering structures out of mucus that can reach diameters greater than 1 m in longest dimension (Figure 1A). Because of the fragility of these structures, direct measurements of filtration rates require us to study them in situ. We developed DeepPIV, an ROV-deployable instrument (Figure 1B) to directly measure fluid motion and filtration rates in situ (Figure 1C).

Figure 1. (A) Traditional view of a giant larvacean illuminated by white ROV lights. (B) DeepPIV instrument is seen attached to Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute’s (MBARI) MiniROV. (C) DeepPIV-illuminated interior view of a giant larvacean house, where particle motion in ambient seawater serves as a proxy for fluid motion. White arrows in (A) and (C) indicate larvacean head/trunk; white arrow in (B) indicates DeepPIV.

The filtration rates we measured for giant larvaceans are far greater than for any other zooplankton filter feeder. When combined with abundance data from a 22-year time series, the grazing impact of giant larvaceans indicates that within 13 days, they can filter the total volume of water within their habitable depth range (~100-300 m; based on maximum abundance and measured filtration rates). Our results reveal that the contribution of giant larvaceans to vertical carbon flux is much greater than previously thought. Small larvaceans, which are present in the water column in even larger quantities than giant larvaceans, may also have a measurable impact on carbon fluxes. New technologies such as DeepPIV are yielding more quantitative observations of midwater filter feeders, which is improving our understanding of the roles that deep-water biota play in the long-term removal of carbon from the atmosphere.

Read the full journal article: http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/5/e1602374.full

Authors: (All at MBARI)
Kakani Katija
Rob E. Sherlock
Alana D. Sherman
Bruce H. Robison

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