mmaheigan :: Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry

Studying marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles in the face of environmental change

Author Archive for mmaheigan – Page 29

Tiny marine animals strongly influence the carbon cycle

Posted by mmaheigan

· Thursday, August 31st, 2017

What controls the amount of organic carbon entering the deep ocean? In the sunlit layer of the ocean, phytoplankton transform inorganic carbon to organic carbon via a process called photosynthesis. As these particulate forms of organic carbon stick together, they become dense enough to sink out of the sunlit layer, transferring large quantities of organic carbon to the deep ocean and out of contact with the atmosphere.

However, all is not still in the dark ocean. Microbial organisms such as bacteria, and zooplankton consume the sinking, carbon-rich particles and convert the organic carbon back to its original inorganic form. Depending on how deep this occurs, the carbon can be physically mixed back up into the surface layers for exchange with the atmosphere or repeat consumption by phytoplankton. In a recent study published in Biogeosciences, researchers used field data and an ecosystem model in three very different oceanic regions to show that zooplankton are extremely important in determining how much carbon reaches the deep ocean.

Figure 1. Particle export and transfer efficiency to the deep ocean in the Southern Ocean (SO, blue circles), North Atlantic Porcupine Abyssal Plain site (PAP, red squares) and the Equatorial Tropical North Pacific (ETNP, orange triangles) oxygen minimum zone. a) particle export efficiency of fast sinking particles (Fast PEeff) against primary production on a Log10 scale. b) transfer efficiency of particles to the deep ocean expressed as Martin’s b (high b = low efficiency). Error bars in b) are standard error of the mean for observed particles, error too small in model to be seen on this plot.

In the Southern Ocean (SO), zooplankton graze on phytoplankton and produce rapidly sinking fecal pellets, resulting in an inverse relationship between particle export and primary production (Fig. 1a). In the North Atlantic (NA), the efficiency with which particles are transferred to the deep ocean is comparable to that of the Southern Ocean, suggesting similar processes apply; but in both regions, there is a large discrepancy between the field data and the ecosystem model (Fig. 1b), which poorly represents particle processing by zooplankton. Conversely, much better data-model matches are observed in the equatorial Pacific, where lower oxygen concentrations mean fewer zooplankton; this reduces the potential for zooplankton-particle interactions that reduce particle size and density, resulting in a lower transfer efficiency.

This result suggests that mismatches between the data and model in the SO and NA may be due to the lack of zooplankton-particle parameterizations in the model, highlighting the potential importance of zooplankton in regulating carbon export and storage in the deep ocean. Zooplankton parameterizations in ecosystem models must be enhanced by including zooplankton fragmentation of particles as well as consumption. Large field programs such as EXPORTS could help constrain these parameterisation by collecting data on zooplankton-particle interaction rates. This will improve our model estimates of carbon export and our ability to predict future changes in the biological carbon pump. This is especially important in the face of climate-driven changes in zooplankton populations (e.g. oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) expansion) and associated implications for ocean carbon storage and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.

Authors:
Emma L. Cavan (University of Tasmania)
Stephanie A. Henson (National Oceanography Centre, Southampton)
Anna Belcher (University of Southampton)
Richard Sanders (National Oceanography Centre, Southampton)

Phytoplankton can actively diversify their migration strategy in response to turbulent cues

Posted by mmaheigan

· Thursday, August 17th, 2017

Turbulence is known to be a primary determinant of plankton fitness and succession. However, open questions remain about whether phytoplankton can actively respond to turbulence and, if so, how rapidly they can adapt to it. Recent experiments have revealed that phytoplankton can behaviorally respond to turbulent cues with a rapid change in shape, and this response occurs over a few minutes. This challenges a fundamental paradigm in oceanography that phytoplankton are passively at the mercy of turbulence.

Phytoplankton are photosynthetic microorganisms that form the base of most aquatic food webs, impact global biogeochemical cycles, and produce half of the world’s oxygen. Many species of phytoplankton are motile and migrate in response to gravity and light levels: Upward toward light during the day to photosynthesize and downward at night toward higher nutrient concentrations. Disruption of this diurnal migratory strategy is an important contributor to the succession between motile and non-motile species when conditions become more turbulent. However, this classical view neglects the possibility that motile species can actively respond in an effort to avoid layers of strong turbulence. A recent study by Sengupta, Carrara and Stocker, published in Nature has shown that some raphidophyte and dinoflagellate phytoplankton can actively diversify their migratory strategy in response to hydrodynamic cues characteristic of overturning by the smallest turbulent eddies in the ocean. Laboratory experiments in which cells experienced repeated overturning with timescales and statistics representative of ocean turbulence revealed that over timescales as short as ten minutes, an upward-swimming population split into two subpopulations, one swimming upward and one swimming downward. Quantitative morphological analysis of the harmful algal bloom-forming raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo revealed that this behavior was accompanied by a change in cell shape, wherein the cells that changed their swimming direction did so by going from an asymmetric pear shape to a more symmetric egg shape. A model of cell mechanics showed that the magnitude of this shift was minute, yet sufficient to invert the cells’ preferential swimming direction. The results highlight the advanced level of control that phytoplankton have on their migratory behavior.

Understanding how fluctuations in the oceans’ turbulence landscape impacts phytoplankton is of fundamental importance, especially for predicting species succession and community structure given projected climate-driven changes in temperature, winds, and upper ocean structure.

An upward-swimming phytoplankton population splits into upward- and downward-swimming sub-populations when exposed to turbulent eddies, due to a subtle change in cell shape. Illustration by: A. Sengupta, G. Gorick, F. Carrara and R. Stocker

This work was co-funded by a Human Frontier Science Program Cross Disciplinary Fellowship (LT000993/2014-C to A.S.), a Swiss National Science Foundation Early Postdoc Mobility Fellowship (to F.C.), and a Gordon and Betty Moore Marine Microbial Initiative Investigator Award (GBMF 3783 to R.S.)

Untangling the mystery of domoic acid events: A climate-scale perspective

Posted by mmaheigan

· Thursday, August 3rd, 2017

The diatom Pseudo-nitzchia produces a neurotoxin called domoic acid, which in high concentrations affects wildlife ranging from mussels and crabs to seabirds and sea lions, as well as humans. In humans, the effects of domoic acid poisoning can range from gastrointestinal distress to memory loss, and even death. Despite being studied in laboratories since the late 1980s, there is no consensus on the environmental conditions that lead to domoic acid events. These events are most frequent and impactful in eastern boundary current regions such as the California Current System, which is bordered by Washington, Oregon, and California. In Oregon alone, there have been six major domoic acid events: 1996, 1998-1999, 2001, 2002-2006, 2010, 2014-2015. McKibben et al. (2017) investigated the regulation of domoic acid at a climate scale to develop and test an applied risk model for the US West Coast” to read “McKibben et al. (2017) investigated the regulation of domoic acid at regional and decadal scales in order to develop and test an applied risk model for the impact of climate on the US West Coast. They used the PDO and ONI climate variability indices, averages of monthly and 3 month running means of SST anomaly values and variability to look at basin-scale ocean conditions. At a local scale, data were from zooplankton sampling every two to four weeks between 1996 to 2015 at hydrographic station offshore of Newport, OR. Additionally, the NOAA NCDC product “Daily Optimum Interpolation, Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Only, Version 2, Final+Preliminary SST” was used to obtain the monthly SST anomaly metric, based on combined in situ and satellite data.

(A) Warm and cool ocean regimes, (B) local SST anomaly, and (C and D) biological response. (A) PDO (red or blue vertical bars) and ONI (black line) indices; strong (S) to moderate (M) El Nino (+1) and La Nina (−1) events are labeled. (B) SST anomaly 20 nm off central OR. (C) The CSR anomaly 5 nm off central OR. (D) Monthly OR coastal maximum DA levels in razor clams (vertical bars); horizontal black line is the 20-ppm closure threshold. Black line in D shows the spring biological transition date (right y axis). At the top of the figure, black boxes indicate the duration of upwelling season each year; red vertical bars indicate the timing of annual DA maxima in relationship to upwelling. Gray shaded regions are warm regimes based on the PDO. Dashed vertical lines indicate onset of the six major DA events. The September 2014 arrival of the NE Pacific Warm Anomaly (colloquially termed “The Blob”) to the OR coastal region is labeled on B. “X” symbols along the x axes indicate that no data were available for that month (B–D).

Their findings show that these events have occurred when there is advection of warmer water masses onto the continental shelf from southern or offshore areas. When the warm phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and El Niño coincide, the effect is additive. In the warm regime years, there is a later spring biological transition date, weaker alongshore currents, elevated water temperatures, and plankton communities are dominated by subtropical rather than subarctic species. The authors also note relative differences between the prevalence and phenology of domoic acid events in OR, CA and WA, which warrants further study via regional-scale modeling. Overall, this research shows a clear and enhanced risk of toxicity in shellfish during warm phases of natural climate oscillations. If predictions of more extreme warming come to bear, this would potentially lead to increased DA event intensity and frequency in coastal zones around the globe. This will not only affect wildlife, but may cause significant closures of economically important fisheries (e.g., Dungeness crab, anchovy, mussel, and razor clam), which would impact local communities and native populations.

Authors:
Morgaine McKibben (Oregon State Univ., NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center)
William Peterson (NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center)
Michelle Wood (Univ. Oregon)
Vera L. Trainer (NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center)
Matthew Hunter (Oregon Dept. Fish & Wildlife)
Angelicque E. White (Oregon State Univ.)

An autonomous approach to monitoring coral reef health

Posted by mmaheigan

· Thursday, July 20th, 2017

Coral reefs are diverse, productive ecosystems that are highly vulnerable to changing ocean conditions such as acidification and warming. Coral reef metabolism—in particular the fundamental ecosystem properties of net community production (NCP; the balance of photosynthesis and respiration) and net community calcification (NCC; the balance of calcification and dissolution)—has been proposed as a proxy for reef health. NCC is of particular interest, since ocean acidification is expected to have detrimental effects on reef calcification.

Traditionally, these metabolic rates are quantified through laborious methods that involve discrete sampling, which, due to a limited number of observations, often fails to characterize natural variability on time scales of minutes to days. In a recent paper in JGR, Takeshita et al. (2016) presented the Benthic Ecosystem and Acidification Measurement System (BEAMS), a fully autonomous system that simultaneously measures NCP and NCC at 15-minute intervals over a period of weeks. BEAMS utilizes the gradient flux method to quantify benthic metabolic rates by measuring chemical (pH and O₂) and velocity gradients in the turbulent benthic boundary layer.

Two BEAMS were simultaneously deployed on Palmyra Atoll located approximately one km apart over vastly different benthic communities. One site was a healthy reef with approximately 70% coral cover, and the other was a degraded reef site with only 5% coral cover that was dominated by a non-calcifying invasive corallimorph Rhodactis howesii. Over the course of two weeks, BEAMS collected over 1,000 measurements of NCP and NCC from each site, yielding significantly different ratios of NCP to NCC between the two sites. These initial results suggest that BEAMS is capable of detecting different metabolic states, as well as patterns consistent with degrading reef health.

BEAMS is an exciting new autonomous tool to monitor reef health and study drivers of reef metabolism on timescales ranging from minutes to months (and potentially years). Additionally, autonomous measurement tools increase the potential for widespread and comparable observations across reefs and reef systems. Such knowledge will greatly improve our ability to predict the fate of coral reefs in a changing ocean.

Authors:
Yui Takeshita (Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute)

The changing ocean carbon cycle

Posted by mmaheigan

· Thursday, July 6th, 2017

Since preindustrial times, the ocean has removed from the atmosphere 41% of the carbon emitted by human industrial activities (Figure 1). The globally integrated rate of ocean carbon uptake is increasing in response to rising atmospheric CO₂ levels and is expected to continue this trend for the foreseeable future. However, the inherent uncertainties in ocean surface and interior data associated with ocean carbon uptake processes make it difficult to predict future changes in the ocean carbon sink. In a recent paper, McKinley et al. (2017), review the mechanisms of ocean carbon uptake and its spatiotemporal variability in recent decades. Looking forward, the potential for direct detection of change in the ocean carbon sink, as distinct from interannual variability, is assessed using a climate model large ensemble, a novel approach to studying climate processes with an earth systems model, the “large ensemble.” In a large ensemble, many runs of the same model are done so as to directly distinguish natural variability from long-term trends.

This analysis illustrates that variability in CO₂ flux is large enough to prevent detection of anthropogenic trends in ocean carbon uptake on at least decadal to multi-decadal timescales, depending on location. Earliest detection of trends is most attainable in regions where trends are expected to be largest, such as the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic and North Pacific. Detection will require sustained observations over many decades, underscoring the importance of traditional ship-based approaches and integration of new autonomous observing platforms as part of a global ocean carbon observing system.

Please see a relevant OCB outreach tool on ocean carbon uptake developed by McKinley and colleagues:
OCB teaching/outreach slide deck Temporal and Spatial Perspectives on the Fate of Anthropogenic Carbon: A Carbon Cycle Slide Deck for Broad Audiences – also download explanatory notes

Quantifying coastal and marine ecosystem carbon storage potential for climate mitigation policy and management

Posted by mmaheigan

· Wednesday, June 21st, 2017

Under the increasing threat of climate change, conservation practitioners and policy makers are seeking innovative and data–driven recommendations for mitigating emissions and increasing natural carbon sinks through nature-based solutions. While the ocean and terrestrial forests, and more recently, coastal wetlands, are well known carbon sinks, there is interest in exploring the carbon storage potential of other coastal and marine ecosystems such as coral reefs, kelp forests, phytoplankton, planktonic calcifiers, krill, and teleost fish. A recent study in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment reviewed the potential and feasibility of managing these other coastal and marine ecosystems for climate mitigation. The authors concluded, that while important parts of the carbon cycle, coral reefs, kelp forests, planktonic calcifiers, krill, and teleost fish do not represent long-term carbon stores, and in the case of fish, do not represent a sequestration pathway. Phytoplankton do sequester globally significant amounts of carbon and contribute to long-term carbon storage in the deep ocean, but there is currently no good way to manage them to increase their carbon storage capacity; additionally, the vast majority of phytoplankton is located in international waters that are outside national jurisdictions, making it very difficult to include them in current climate mitigation policy frameworks.

Comparatively, coastal wetlands (mangroves, tidal marshes, and seagrasses) effectively sequester carbon long-term (up to 10x more carbon stored per unit area than terrestrial forests with 50-90% of the stored carbon residing in the soil), and fall within clear national jurisdictions, which facilitates effective and quantifiable management actions. In addition, wetland degradation has the potential to release vast amounts of stored carbon back into the atmosphere and water column, meaning that conservation and restoration of these systems can also reduce potential emissions. The authors conclude that coastal wetland protection and restoration should be a primary focus in comprehensive climate change mitigation plans along with reducing emissions.

Authors:
Jennifer Howard (Conservation International)
Ariana Sutton-Grier (University of Maryland, NOAA)
Dorothée Herr (IUCN)
Joan Kleypas (NCAR)
Emily Landis (The Nature Conservancy)
Elizabeth Mcleod (The Nature Conservancy)
Emily Pidgeon (Conservation International)
Stefanie Simpson (Restore America’s Estuaries)

Original paper: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fee.1451/full

Winter ventilation depth constrains the impact of the biological pump on CO2 uptake in the North Pacific Ocean

Posted by mmaheigan

· Thursday, June 8th, 2017

The North Pacific accounts for ~25% of the global ocean’s uptake of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere. However, the relative importance of the biological pump vs. physical circulation in driving ocean uptake of CO₂ remains poorly understood.

In a recent study, Palevsky and Quay (2017) used geochemical measurements collected on sixteen container ship transects between Hong Kong and Long Beach, CA to evaluate the drivers of CO₂ uptake across 8,000 kilometers in the North Pacific basin over the full annual cycle. In the eastern North Pacific, biologically-driven export of organic carbon below the winter ventilation depth fully offsets the uptake of CO₂ from the atmosphere. However, in the Kuroshio region of the western North Pacific, which has a deep winter mixed layer, the majority of the organic carbon exported during the productive summer season is subsequently respired and ventilated back to the atmosphere in winter. Subsequently, biologically-driven export offsets only a small fraction of the CO₂ uptake by the ocean and, instead, physical transport is the dominant process removing inorganic carbon from the region.

We further show that that mechanistic coupling between biological carbon export and ocean uptake of CO₂ from the atmosphere is sensitive to the seasonal timing of biological export and ventilation, as well as the magnitude of export. Future studies therefore need to measure biological carbon export and ventilation throughout the full annual cycle in order to better understand controls on regional variations in ocean CO₂ uptake rates and future changes in these rates.

Data from 16 shipboard transects across the North Pacific revealed a basin-wide gradient between the Kuroshio and Eastern regions in the relative roles of biological vs. physical processes in removing dissolved inorganic carbon from the surface ocean.

Authors:
Hilary I. Palevsky (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)
Paul D. Quay (University of Washington)

OCB supports early career participation in 3rd International Ocean Colour Science Meeting

Posted by mmaheigan

· Tuesday, June 6th, 2017

OCB-sponsored participants of 3rd International Ocean Color Meeting in May 2017.

Christiana Ade is a first-year PhD student at North Carolina State University in the Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department. She researches wetlands and coastal environments using satellite remote sensing and field measurements. Her research includes water quality mapping, establishing new environmental indicators, and determining satellite resolution requirements for adequately monitoring wetlands.

“As a master’s student, I focused on wetland vegetation, but for my PhD I am shifting toward water quality monitoring. The 2017 IOCS meeting occurred at a critical time in my career as I begin this research transition. IOCS allowed me to meet several prominent researchers and advanced students that I foresee myself collaborating with in the future, thus furthering my long-term objective of becoming a researcher in a national lab or university professor. I presented a poster at IOCS on some preliminary research and received extremely useful feedback, which I am already implementing. Although the conference was great for networking, it was most beneficial for expanding my understanding of current limitations and future opportunities in remote sensing of water. In particular, the breakout sessions provided me with several insights on hot-button topics and gave me confidence that the ocean color community will aid researchers invested in coastal applications to determine what sensor resolutions are needed to monitor these environments. Meetings like this ensure that the necessary technology gets built and launched. I would like to thank all the organizers, speakers, and the OCB for their positive impact on my research career.”

Henry Houskeeper is a third year Ocean Sciences PhD student working with Raphael Kudela at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Henry investigates the optical properties of dinoflagellate red tides. His broader interests include remote sensing of the coastal ocean, coastal upwelling ecosystem dynamics, and phytoplankton ecology.

“Attending the IOCS meeting was an excellent opportunity for me to receive thoughtful feedback on my research. IOCS connected me with helpful members of the ocean color community and exposed me to a diverse assemblage of ocean color research projects. The support from OCB made this valuable experience possible for me.”

Suhey Ortiz Rosa is a PhD student conducting research with Dr. Roy Armstrong in Bio-Optical Oceanography at the Department of Marine Sciences at the University of Puerto Rico- Mayagüez (UPRM). In 2005, she completed a B.S. in Coastal Marine Biology at the University of Puerto Rico- Humacao, and in 2010, a MS in Chemical Oceanography at UPRM. Suhey’s work focuses on the biogeochemistry of coastal waters and coral reefs, validating algorithms from satellite imagery of complex optical waters, remote sensing, and GIS. Previously, she worked on CDOM characterization with PARAFAC, mapping marine species distribution with the GAP-Analysis Project of Puerto Rico and later with watershed analysis of sedimentation processes on coral reefs.

“The International Ocean Color Science Meeting was a unique experience. Networking with the international community to address common issues on satellite imagery analysis benefits my research tremendously. I am now able to communicate with leading experts that work with the latest processes, allowing me to conduct more accurate and efficient research. The workshop on Copernicus Data was also very helpful, providing hands-on personalized experience. The cultural diversity and different research projects presented made this conference an advantage for me as an early career ocean color researcher. The information I obtained expands my options for new opportunities and ideas in research. It is fundamental for young scientists to remain up to date with the innovations in their current research topic. Thanks to the OCB program for making this experience possible!”

Sara Rivero-Calle is a postdoctoral researcher at the Levine Lab in the University of Southern California interested in projects that involve large datasets, combining remote sensing and in situ data to answer large-scale ecological questions. She first learned about satellite remote sensing during her MS program at the University of Puerto Rico working on mesophotic reef sponge ecology using Autonomous Underwater Vehicles. She earned a PhD from Johns Hopkins University, where she used the Continuous Plankton Recorder survey to study long-term changes in North Atlantic phytoplankton communities. Currently, Sara is conducting postdoctoral research on fine-scale variability and patchiness, combining remote sensing, float, and HPLC data with numerical models.

“Attending IOCS was a fantastic experience. I was invited to give a talk on the global distribution of Trichodesmium for the special session on Trichodesmium. This was a great opportunity, not only for the exposure, but also because I am now collaborating with the organizers on writing a white paper with recommendations for remote sensing of Trichodesmium from space. This is perfect timing, given the new sensors with higher spatial and spectral resolution currently being developed and forthcoming satellite missions. I also noticed a clear interest in the remote sensing community to work closely with modelers and I think I can help bridge the two communities. I will be collaborating with another working group focused on carbon cycling. One of the things I liked most was the IOCS meeting structure—splitting us up into working groups, identifying current challenges and brainstorming together on how to deal with them and move forward. This meeting is not focused on presenting work but on setting new goals and working towards them. I also liked that the IOCS meeting facilitates direct communication with program managers and representatives from all space agencies and how the agencies came to the meeting to hear what the scientific community needs to advance satellite remote sensing. In summary, the IOCS meeting is the perfect venue for international scientific networking and I am so grateful to OCB for supporting us at an early stage of our career, thanks for believing in us!”

Sarah Schlunegger is a PhD Student in the Program of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, advised by Prof. Jorge Sarmiento. Sarah uses Earth System Models to predict the timing, sequence and inter-dependence of emerging anthropogenic signals in the ocean, with a focus on the ocean’s acquisition of anthropogenic carbon and heat. The ocean provides a climate service by absorbing the atmosphere’s excess carbon and heat but at a cost, namely acidification and warming, which deteriorate marine habitats. Sarah’s primary research goal is to identify when and where changes in these heat/carbon sinks and their resulting impacts will be detectable in the ocean.

“As a climate modeler, I have limited daily interactions with observationalists, despite my using satellite observations as a component of my own research. The 2017 International Ocean Colour Science Meeting was the perfect platform to cure this condition! Hearing talks and discussion from the lead scientist and engineers who have spent decades developing and perfecting satellite observation platforms has expanded my understanding and appreciation for the work behind the end-product. I enjoyed listening to the expert panels parse through upcoming innovations to address atmospheric correction, a major challenge faced by the community. The fellow conference attendees were friendly and encouraging, and of course, Lisbon is a magical city!”

Do rivers supply nutrients to the open ocean?

Posted by mmaheigan

· Wednesday, May 24th, 2017

Rivers carry large amounts of nutrients (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus) to the sea, but we do not know how much of that riverine nutrient supply escapes biological and chemical processing in shallow coastal waters to reach the open ocean. Most global ocean biogeochemical models, which are typically unable to resolve coastal processes, assume that either all or none of the riverine nutrients entering coastal waters actually contribute to open ocean processes.

While we know a good deal about the dynamics of individual rivers entering the coastal ocean, studies to date have been limited to a few major river systems, mainly in in developed countries. Globally, there are over 6,000 rivers entering the coastal ocean. In a recent study, Sharples et al (2017) devised a simple approach to obtain a global-scale estimate of riverine nutrient inputs based on the knowledge that low-salinity waters entering the coastal ocean tend to form buoyant plumes that turn under the influence of Earth’s daily rotation to flow along the coastline. Using published data on such flows and incorporating the effect of Earth’s rotation, they obtained estimates of typical cross-shore plume width and compared them to the local width of the continental shelf. This was used to calculate the residence time of riverine nutrients on the shelf, which is the key to estimating how much of a given nutrient is consumed in shelf waters vs. how much is exported to the open ocean.

Global distribution of the amount of riverine dissolved inorganic nitrogen that escapes the continental shelf to reach the open ocean.

The results indicate that, on a global scale, 75% (80%) of the nitrogen (phosphorus) supplied by rivers reaches the open ocean, whereas 25% (20%) of the nitrogen (phosphorus) is consumed on the shelf (e.g., fueling coastal productivity). Limited knowledge of nutrient cycling and consumption in shelf waters represents the primary source of uncertainty in this study. However, well-defined global patterns related to human land use (e.g., agricultural fertilizer use in developed nations) emerged from this analysis, underscoring the need to understand how land-use changes and other human activities will alter nutrient delivery to the coastal ocean in the future.

Authors:
Jonathan Sharples (School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK)
Jack Middelburg (Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Netherlands)
Katja Fennel (Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Canada)
Tim Jickells (School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, UK)

A Training Course on Marine Radioactivity August 13, 2017

Posted by mmaheigan

· Monday, May 15th, 2017

A Training Course on Marine Radioactivity in association with Goldschmidt, August 13, 2017. The event, organized by SCOR 146 WG, will include: An introduction to Radionuclides, Natural, Anthropogenic, and Cosmogenic Radioisotopes and their General Applications in the Marine environment, and Radioecology. Specific lectures will delve more deeply into specific applications and include topics such as applications of radionuclides to sediment age dating, submarine groundwater discharge, and biological mediated carbon export.

Lecturers:

Dr. Ken Buesseler, Center for Marine and Environmental Radioactivity, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA
Dr. Minhan Dai, State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, China
Dr. Claudia Benitez‐Nelson, University of South Carolina, USA
Dr. Sabine Charmasson, ISRN, Laboratory for Research on Transfers in the Environment, France
Dr. Pere Masque, Edith Cowan University (Australia) and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain)
Dr. Willard S. Moore, University of South Carolina, USA
Dr. John Smith, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada

Detailed agenda and more information

The course is open to 25 students and early career scientists interested in radiochemisty‐related fields.

Please use the Goldschmidt registration form to register for this workshop and for the Goldschmidt meeting. The workshop registration fee (40 Euros) will be supported in large part by the Center for Marine and Environmental Radioactivity at WHOI.

Funding for the Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry Project Office is provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The OCB Project Office is housed at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Author Archive for mmaheigan – Page 29

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